Water provision service is one of the most valuable ecosystem services that is important as a key service for the healthfulness and management of water resources. In this study, using the Water Yield model of InVEST software, the water supply and demand in Ilam watershed was modeled. The data related to average annual precipitation, annual evaporation and transpiration, root limiting depth, water available for plants,  land use map, water consumption and estimation of water provision quantity, basin boundary, and subbasins of the watershed were the inputs of this model. The results of model application showed that in Ilam watershed, 45 million cubic meters of water provided annually, with the highest and lowest water provision volumes being in Arghavan (7 million cubic meters) and Chalimar (802 thousand cubic meters) subbasins, respectively. According to results, there are great differences in the water supply and demand in the subbasins of this watershed. Therefore, planner and policymakers should pay attention to this important issue in the layout of land uses and foresee sustainable use of rich forests in the high yield subbasins such as Arghavan subbasin. The results provided in this study, along with showing the importance of modeling surface water demand and its used in macro-policies of water allocation, can function as a guideline and help the managers and planners of Ilam city to adopt reasonable decisions in managing ecosystem and correctly using land in this area.

Neglecting coastal erosion and its changes can lead to environmental hazards, which are among the main factors affecting human communities and facilities. Paleontological research demonstrates tens of meters of fluctuation in the water level of the Caspian Sea. The shores of the Caspian Sea have variable topography and land use, including lowlands (estuaries of rivers, gulfs, and progradation) and sandy uplands. In lowlands, there is a slight slope that causes flooding of lands when the sea level rises, as well as an increased piezometric level of coastal aquifers. This study investigates changes in the coastal line from Talesh to Anzali over a period of 45 years using spatiotemporal analysis in the form of coastal cells. For this purpose, ArcGIS software was used to extract the coastal lines of 1975, 1997, and 2020. Then, using DSAS software, the amount of changes in the coastline was determined. The research results showed that changes in the coastal line in the study area were entirely influenced by the fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level, with 77% of the coastal line experiencing more than 30 meters of retreat. Human activities have somewhat prevented the instability of the coastline due to changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea.

The present research has been carried out with the aim of identifying the challenges of tourism in Soleqan village during the Coronavirus pandemic with an analytical approach it is functional and it has been done using qualitative paradigm and exploratory theory method. The research community is made up of tourism experts and specialists from different rural areas and 15 of them were selected by using the combined purposeful sampling method. The data collection method was done using library studies, interview protocol, and direct observation and continued until reaching the theoretical saturation level. Data analysis was performed using coding. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the research show that the most important challenges caused by the pandemic in Soleqan village are: not being used, remaining unknown and destroying the human, natural, and cultural capacities of villages, paying less attention to the native and local attractions of the villages, economic recession (poverty and unemployment), the inefficiency of the policy process, planning and lack of government and local support.

Strategic spatial planning is presented as an approach to deal with the chronic challenges facing the sustainable use of space, i.e. the physical-spatial division and the policy-planning division. However, there are major barriers to realizing this approach in Iran, which are affected by its governance and planning system approaches. In this regard, the current research has attempted to identify and explain the major barriers to the realization of strategic spatial planning in Iran with an exploratory approach and a combined interview and targeted Delphi method. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview in the form of a targeted Delphi method in two rounds of 25 experts, and the barriers and related concepts were confirmed, extracted and described using MAXQDA software and Kendall's coefficient of agreement. The results of 405 extracted codes indicated that there are 4 major barriers to the realization of strategic spatial planning in Iran, which are: geographical-spatial barrier (6 explanatory concepts and 26% of the extracted codes), rentier political economy barrier (7 explanatory concepts and 34% of extracted codes), institutional division barrier (7 explanatory concepts and 23% of extracted codes) and structural-spatial division barrier (7 explanatory concepts and 17% of extracted codes). The present study highlights the importance of recognizing and correctly confronting and taking constructive measures against the four mentioned barriers, which are the main sources of physical-spatial and political-planning divisions in the way of realizing strategic spatial planning in Iran.

Dou to the special importance of land use in Iran and the passage of over one year from the enactment and communication of National Land Use Document in March 2020 and the concerns about the practical steps to implement the provisions of National Land Use Document by executive organizations, the main question of this study is that in the light of the roles of related actors, how will this document be implemented? The research methodology of this study was actor-oriented, and the project was carried out based on exploratory and expert-based methods. Data were collected from 23 experts of Iran’s land use domain using a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using MACTOR futurology software. The results showed that from among the initial 33 effective actors in the Document implementation, 13 actors were selected as the main actors by the expert panel. It was observed that so far, no strong will has existed in those main actors to implement the National Land Use Document, and they don’t seem to be motivated to so in near future. In other words, the Document content and the potential of supervisory organizations are not so mandatory to force the main actors responsible for the implementation of the Document to put it into practice. Therefore, it is predicted that in future, the implementation of the Document will face serious challenges from institutions and actors. It is necessary for the responsible institutions (Planning and Budget Organization as well as Supreme Council of Land Use) to seriously follow up, make effective communications, bring about strong institutional combabilities among actors, and ask all implementing organizations to work in order to pave the ground for the formation of national will to implement the National Land Use Document as soon as  possible.

The integrated endogenous regional model as favorable locative-spatial consequences and brings about balanced regional development in various dimensions. Due to the applied nature of this study, its objective as to examine the locative-spatial consequences derived from the integrated endogenous regional development model. Then, the strategic question revolved around the effects and consequences of the aforementioned model. To answer this question, the comparative strategy based on quantitative methodology was used. The statistical population of the study was comprised of the scientific and administrative elites and experts in Lorestan Province of Iran (Selseleh city), from among whom 30 participants were selected systematically and based on sampling logic. Data analysis was done through inferential statistics based on the measurement model fitness indicators and structural modeling in SmartPLS software. The results showed that measurement model indicators of “endogenous integrated model” and “spatial evolution” confirmed the measurement model of the study. In the structural model of the study, the accuracy of the relationship between structural variables / latent variables of the study based on T value was assessed and confirmed. Moreover, based on R2 confident of determination and F2 effect size measure, the strength and effect of the relationship between “endogenous integrated model” and “spatial evolution” was confirmed. In addition, the general goodness of fit (GOF) showed that the model had a strong fitness and the data confirm the experimental model of the study.

With a growth rate higher than global GDP, exports, etc., Marine business (especially container transport) has had great effects on the spatial structure of different regions and areas. Ports have an important role in this regard, because they are the main gates of goods import and export in a country. This study explores the structure and interconnection of Iran’s northern ports (on Caspian  Sea) with the ports of other countries neighboring Caspian  Sea due to the great importance of marine transportation and its effectiveness on Iran’s spatial structure interconnection. In order to examine the evolution of the spatial interconnection network structure of Iran’s northern ports at local and international level between the years 1989 to 2019, the model used in this study analyzed the passenger and goods transportation among Caspian  Sea ports of Iran and those of other countries around Caspian  Sea using UCINET software. The results showed that the interconnection of goods and passenger transportation in Iran’s northern provinces (in general) and Iran’s ports on Caspian  Sea (in particular) is not in good conditions. In fact, the connection between Iran and other countries neighboring Caspian  Sea is not so high except for scarce, insignificant cases (i.e., connection with Russia through Amirabad port), and the spatial interconnection of other borders of Iran, especially the southern coastline, is much higher than that of Caspian  Sea coastline.

As the main source of energy, the sun is the origin of life and the root of every other known energy. The global radiation of sun is one of the fundamental structures of any climatic range. Thus, knowing the qualities and predicting these fundamental structures have a great effect on energy-based plannings. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models have been used as suitable and cheap means to estimate solar radiation. In this study, the 2020 year images of Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor, and SEBAL algorithm were used.   ENVI software was used to make geometric, atmospheric, and radiometric modifications of the satellite images and execute SEBAL model calculations, and ArcGIS was used to create database, conduct locative analyses, carry out cartographic operations, and implement the model. The obtained results showed that the average of highest short-wave incoming radiation has been 862 watts per square meter on August 9, 2020, and the lowest value has been 368 watts per square meter on October 28, 2020. Nonetheless, the highest absolute radiation value has been 901 kilometers on June 6, 2020, and the lowest value has been 19 kilometers on September 10, 2020.  The difference in the absolute radiation values received by earth in the area under study is due to the difference in the sun’s radiation angle and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region in the year under study has the potential to execute solar photovoltaic plans.

Recognizing the function and pattern of urban network activity in regional areas to identify potentials and assets correctly leads to effectively guiding spatial planning for achieving creative competitiveness and spatial balance at the regional level. The current research attempts to analyze the spatial pattern of activity accumulation and distribution in the urban network of Khuzestan province using a practical and developmental approach, along with a descriptive-analytical method. Activity and employment statistics of 78 urban points in the province, based on data from the Iranian Statistics Center and the regional survey plan of Khuzestan province, have been cited.The results from spatial autocorrelation analysis and the z-score function, as well as the Repilli k function, show that activities related to the agricultural sector have a cluster distribution pattern in the urban network of the province. On the other hand, the activities of the industry and service sectors in the province follow a scattered pattern. Spatial analysis of the activities in the urban network of the province indicates that due to the proximity of cities to each other and the close employment statistics in each of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, the northern parts of the province and the southern part (specifically the ports of Imam and Bandar Mahshahr) show the most areas related to hot spots from an activity point of view. Meanwhile, the service function in the urban network of the province, despite having significant employees, exhibits the most cold spots and dispersion, especially in the central areas of the province.

Locating and architectural design, as a suitable platform to provide the ground for achieving the goals and purposes of passive defense, is of great importance and causes the success of decision-making at different strategic levels. Office spaces are one of the uses that are considered by planners and designers for urban services. The current research is among applied research and descriptive-analytical research methods and it aims to locate and design office sites in Isfahan City. Documentary methods and questionnaires were also used to collect information. For this purpose, 18 indicators for the location of urban administrative uses in the form of four general criteria (demographic, functional, physical, and structural), selected and using the network analysis process model (ANP), the importance coefficient of criteria and sub-criteria are determined. The coefficients obtained in the environment of the geographic information system (GIS) were influenced by the information layers. By overlapping them, areas prone to the construction of office uses have been identified. Then, each of the eighteen uses was weighted using the Delphi method and experts' questionnaire. Finally, using the capabilities of the geographic information system (Euclidean Distance and Weighted Overlay), the spatial distribution of each service use was analyzed. The results of the research show that 3% of the entire city of Isfahan has very low desirability, 15.9% is low desirability, 43.4% is moderate desirability, 28.74% is high desirability and 8.96% is very high desirability. From the south to the north of the city, the level of desirability decreases.