The geomorphology is an important branch of natural Geography that its goal is promotion of human life, ultimately. The geomorphic processes have considerable impact on human life, and opposing, human activities and behaviors have its impacts on the geomorphologic units and geomorphologic processes, enhancing the above argument. The Gilan county, at its geographic position; embraced by two structural units; the Alborz-Talesh and Caspian sea, appears as a very good open space of morpho-dynamic formations and features. People of this region, on the track of new cultivation and industrial technologic products introduced, initiated a great changes in the Ecosystem, and due to low knowledge of Epigenic flow activities and sea level fluctuations of Caspian sea, they bother toweling and housing in the interior and exterior borders of the sea and rivers. This low knowledge of action and contractions of surrounding natural environment caused huge, bodily and financial damages to them in these hazardous yards.

Goal: On of important and strategic point that must be dealt with in details and global is ground preparing and regional programming. Ground preparing programming present a comprehensive report of regional programming. This form of programming is the best supplementary is global and details programming for application the regional programming in the level of out country. Because ground preparing regard to national space from all direction the whole aspect of out country must be regarded patiently. According to abilities and interest of any region in the aspect of monotony and harmony of nationalize performance that result from effects in internationalize level arise special role and responsibilities to different country region. Kohgiloye and Bouir Ahmad province tribal establish trebling many years ago that each of this tribe show their abilities in different chronological section like the fight of Bouir Ahmad tribal against pahlavi-government in wars like "Tange Tamoradi", "Gajestan" and Dorage modayan", and also pointed the contributing tribal in sacred resistance in imposed war of years by tribal bravery soul. Kohgiloye and Bouir Ahmad province tribal they could soul their problems in different condition that this result from their friendship relations. This on of another part of their characteristic.

Inevitably, inconsideration of the population evacuation of villages can have irreparable consequences for the human settlements. Analysis and identification of the qualities of this issue can greatly help planners and decisionmakers in the spatial planning domain to prevent full evacuation of population from rural settlements. The study at hand was an applied research project done using descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population comprised of villages with less than 100 residents in Khorasan Razavi province from 1986 to 2016. Moran’s local spatial analysis was used to investigate the spatial dimensions, and arithmetic mean and skewed distribution were used to examine the direction and range of distribution. The results showed that in the 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016 censuses, 92.2, 90.1, 94.8, and 79.9 percent of the villages evacuated in the previous decade have had lower than 100 residents. The results of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrated that the distribution pattern of villages on the threshold of evacuation during these three decades is cluster-like. Moreover, the results of arithmetic mean and skewed distribution indicated that 68 percent of the villages that are on the threshold of population evacuation are within the oval domain, and except for the 1986-1996 period – when the distribution direction of villages on the threshold of evacuation has been northwest-southeast, the direct has been northeast-southwest from 1996 to 2016.

Water provision service is one of the most valuable ecosystem services that is important as a key service for the healthfulness and management of water resources. In this study, using the Water Yield model of InVEST software, the water supply and demand in Ilam watershed was modeled. The data related to average annual precipitation, annual evaporation and transpiration, root limiting depth, water available for plants,  land use map, water consumption and estimation of water provision quantity, basin boundary, and subbasins of the watershed were the inputs of this model. The results of model application showed that in Ilam watershed, 45 million cubic meters of water provided annually, with the highest and lowest water provision volumes being in Arghavan (7 million cubic meters) and Chalimar (802 thousand cubic meters) subbasins, respectively. According to results, there are great differences in the water supply and demand in the subbasins of this watershed. Therefore, planner and policymakers should pay attention to this important issue in the layout of land uses and foresee sustainable use of rich forests in the high yield subbasins such as Arghavan subbasin. The results provided in this study, along with showing the importance of modeling surface water demand and its used in macro-policies of water allocation, can function as a guideline and help the managers and planners of Ilam city to adopt reasonable decisions in managing ecosystem and correctly using land in this area.

Due to the vast changes it brings about in the land use and land cover, the rapid expansion of cities has had many negative effects on the environmental quality at global level. Examples include air quality, increased temperature, changes in perspective, and the alteration of agricultural lands into barren lands that leads to the loss of biodiversity. Since land use changes happen at extensively, remote sensing technology is a necessary, efficient, and valuable means to monitor changes. In this study, the effect of land use changes on the temporal-spatial patterns of land surface temperature in the urban lands of Ilam city in a 30-year period (1990-2020) was examined using Landsat satellite images and simulation of changes using fuzzy ARTMAP neural network model. Landsat satellite sensors (TM, OLI, ETM) were used to investigate the longitudinal and spatial changes (LST) in Ilam city.  To provide the land use map, the pixel-based classification for all periods (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2015-2020) was applied using ENVI and Ecognitio software packs and then estimations were made using NDVI and LST models. The results showed that Ilam city ecosystem has moderate levels of NDVI. The average temperature of residential land use level in June is 35.8 degrees centigrade, and the temperatures of three land uses of horticulture, agriculture, and other uses (uncovered lands) were 32.22, 37.25, and 38.46, respectively, with the main lands with the minimum temperature being green highlands. In city, existence of high rise buildings and building shading, use of materials with less heat absorption such as Isogam, urban green space and furniture, and air pollution lead to lesser absorption of energy. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of NDVI was aligned with LSP values. The results regarding land use areas using fuzzy-neural network show that residential land uses has risen from 19.18 percent in 1990 to 39.35 percent in 2020, which shows the city expansion and development. On the other hand, the horticultural land use has declined from 8.64 in 1990 to 3.49 in 2020, which can be attributed to the development of urban space.

Spatial justice of uses, or in other words, fair, wise, and balanced distribution of urban uses is one of the most important issues of urban planning. The present study is research in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. The library information of this research is collected from books and articles. For the analysis, the per capita index of service users was used, which was calculated and obtained in the GIS software. The statistical population of the research is the eight districts of Qom City. This research has tried to analyze the Spatial justice of service uses in the eight districts of Qom City with the ORESTE technique, based on indicators that are service uses per capita. For this purpose, the indicators were first weighted using Shannon's entropy method, the highest weight was assigned to tourism, and the lowest weight was assigned to the park. After weighing, the ORESTE technique was performed, and Region 7 had the highest and Region 6 had the lowest amount per capita. Then, with the dispersion coefficient, the two-by-two distribution per capita of the service uses of the regions was calculated, and the results showed that regions 2 and 8 have the highest and regions 5 and 7 have the lowest spatial distribution of service uses. Also, with the Spearman correlation coefficient, the correlation between the population of each region and the per capita service users was calculated, which showed a negative correlation, which means that as the population increases, the service users per capita decreases.

The most obvious example of human activities on the land due to the increase in population and the need for development is land use changes, which lead to changes in the provision of ecosystem services. To that end, the present study was done with the aim of quantitatively evaluating the carbon storage capacity and habitat quality and showing their spatial distribution to achieve social-ecological stability, sustainable use of land resources, and develop appropriate plans and policies in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The modeling of selected ecosystem services was calculated using InVEST software models and the capacity to provide them in land use classes using Zonal Statistics analysis in a GIS software environment. The results indicated that high-value carbon storage areas are focused in areas with forest cover, which have strong carbon storage capacity and are the largest carbon sinks in ecosystems. Likewise, the highest habitat quality was also observed in these areas, and in places where the vegetation is fragmented and the surrounding environment is occupied by human threat sources, the quality of the habitat has decreased. Spatially, carbon storage and habitat quality Indicated a low-high-medium spatial distribution pattern from north to south. The maps of ecosystem service created in this study can be useful in identifying potential areas of carbon storage supply and habitat quality, and provide a scientific basis for further discussion by policymakers about future land use planning, from the perspective of minimizing climate change and increasing biodiversity.

The purpose of this research is to select temporary accommodation centers after the earthquake crisis to meet the needs of the victims. Therefore, this research has tried to identify temporary accommodation sites in District 22 of Tehran with the help of effective criteria. The required data has been obtained from the Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization and the results of the general population and housing census of 2017. The novelty of this research is to present a new combination approach to determine the effective criteria for locating temporary shelter sites. In this regard, the combination of geographically weighted regression (Gaussian and tri-cube kernels) with a binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was used. The recommended combination method is suitable for spatial regression problems because it is compatible with two unique properties of spatial data, i.e. spatial autocorrelation and spatial non-stationarity. The best value of the fitness function (1-R2) for Gaussian and tri-cube kernels was obtained at 0.04616 and 0.0097, respectively, which indicates the high compatibility of the tri-cube kernel with effective criteria. According to the obtained maps, Chitgar Park and Azadi Sports Complex are some of the widest and most suitable areas for the construction of temporary shelter sites after the earthquake crisis in the case study. By identifying temporary shelters, relevant organizations can provide the appropriate infrastructure for these selected centers so that there is no need to spend time to provide these services in the event of an earthquake.

The growing role of science and technology in economic development makes the necessity of policymaking and planning for the science and technology system more important. In line with centralized, top-down planning approaches to science and technology policymaking, the spatial planning approach is a bottom-up effort to identify regional capacities and potentials in order to provide an endogenous and balanced model for the development of science and technology. Although the spatial planning approach in its general form has a multi-decade history in the planning literature, the optimization of this approach in the science and technology governance needs methodological innovations. The purpose of this study was to provide a science and technology spatial planning methodology using institutional mapping. To this end, we used two cross-sections. On the one hand, we took into account innovation within a regional system, and on the other hand, we adopted the institutional mapping to attain a method for its analysis and estimation. In this system, first the institutions of the science and technology institution including the science institution, the technology institution, and the market institution were identified, and then the interconnection capabilities of these three institutions and their subsidiaries were evaluated. This was done through the extraction of the similarity graph. The similarity graph, which was obtained through the quantification of binary relationships of the science and technology system sub-institutions, expressed the diversity and intensity of the connections of each institute with other institutes. The more diverse and intense the relationships among the institutions were in general, the more optimal the science and technology system would be. Ultimately, observing this graph, the policymaker can design a scenario for moving toward regional balance for each of these institutions so that in the predetermined chronological horizons, the institutional proximity is increased and the agreement and accord of the institutions are enhanced.