Cities have hinterlands which depend on various factors such as economic power, population, distance and etc. Tehran megalopolis has also numerous hinterlands .Tehran as the capital city of the country is considered at the top of urban system hierarchy and has a very special place from economic, political, educational and etc. points of view. All these abilities cause a daily stream of people from the towns in the vicinity entering for work and business and returning home at the end of the day as their activities are over. Also thousands of university students and professors commute between Tehran and suburban towns every day. Considering all of these items defines Tehran hinterland. Then the question is that what areas would make Tehran megalopolis hinterland? Because of economics, presentation of services and so on determining Tehran hinterland is of a great importance. This paper shows that towns closer to Tehran are more influenced than other ones. The south, southwest and the west of Tehran are more likely to be affected as for the ease of access, concentration of population and economic activities.

This paper considers the spatial planning system in Russian Federation. Study of spatial planning system of Russia specifies three different stages from each other. The first phase consists of the sixteenth century until the early twentieth century. In this period, base of the spatial planning was formed and gradually developed during approximately 400 years. The next phase is devoted to Soviet domination. Under reliance on centralized state power and socialist ideas, spatial planning declines or can be implemented by specific and different opinions. In the third period, from creation of Russian Federation in the late twentieth century to today, territorial planning schemes are adopted at various levels of national, regional and local with emphasis on RF Urban Development Code. This era promises regular move that its perspective is provision of more appropriate context for more consistency, transparency and participation of different actors, implementation and efficiency.

Today, the development of agricultural industries, especially small and efficient agricultural sector has been paid more attention. The development of rural industries in the country led to job creation and absorption of surplus labor force in agriculture and also resulted in more exports and foreign exchange. This paper evaluates development indicators of process industries and accesses to regional inequalities in the cities of Isfahan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical. This paper tries to examine the process industries associated with agriculture in Isfahan province. Therefore, statistical data was collected and processed by SPSS and Arc View. The status of Isfahan process industries was analyzed using PIDI (Process industry development index) in order to grade the city industries conditions so that we can propose more desirable planning for optimal process industries and the processing of agricultural products. The results show that the eastern cities of the province are disadvantaged in terms of this index and are considered as the first priority in order to develop appropriate measures. The second level includes western and southern cities that are the second priority for the development. Last level of development has been drawn linearly from North-West to South-East and the final priority is allocated to this level.

Today, the knowledge of regions’ strong and weak points and the existing gaps between regions is necessary for better planning and programming to deal with them. Using such indexes as economic, sociologic, cultural, sanitary and other indexes which can be good criteria for the position and place determination of these quotients, is the main solving problem factor to achieve economic welfare, sociologic health in assessing stable development. That is the more careful this process is the more effectiveness is expected. Thus in this study three methods of numerical taxonomy, factor analysis and fuzzy logic have been used for the identification of Khuzestan province counties development ranking in 1379 and in 1386. Besides this ranking, comparative analysis of these methods has been done. Results show that the development opportunities of many counties in this province in 1386 compared to 1379 have been destroyed. Results also indicate that condense variability in numerical taxonomy is less than the two other methods. In fact, this method stands between the two methods in the ranking. Perhaps the difference in multiplier is due to standardization which can omit many clustering aspects of criteria. Indeed, it seems that fuzzy logic ranking is more reliable.

In the early years, the rising of the sea level, which is a part of natural treatment, destroyed many buildings, arable lands, residential and commercial areas. It seems that the main reason of these destructions is the diminishing of the legal setback efficiency and the proceeding of human activities. The aim of this study is to introduce the appropriate setback for southern coast of Caspian Sea (Gilan province) on the basis of critical levels of Caspian Sea and the results of coastal vulnerability regarding sea level rise. This setback is composed of two parts, vertical buffer and horizontal buffer. In this study, CVI method (coastal vulnerability index) was used for coastal vulnerability assessment. In this method, five variables were employed as in two sub-indexes, natural and human-induced sub-indexes. The final map is divided into four categories, from low to very high vulnerability. Finally the mean distance from the very high vulnerability category to vertical buffer boundary in every district is introduced as the horizontal buffer.

Inappropriate patterns and drastic changes in land-use have caused the severe environmental crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to accomplish any plan in relation to establishment of different activities with respect to land capabilities and land-use evaluation thought. In this study, ecological capabilities and the site selection of land uses in Babolrood basin, Mazandaran province were evaluated. For this purpose, at first, layers and necessary data were collected and then using GIS and systemic analysis method, the ecological capability for each one of uses such as forestry, agriculture, range management, ecotourist, conservation and urban, rural and industry development were evaluated. After that, based on social - economic studies and ecological capability, the final map of land-use planning for study area was prepared. The results show that 73.28 percent of the area is suitable for forestry land use and 5.53, 13.01, 6.87 and 1.31 percent of the area is suitable for intensive ecotourism, extensive ecotourism, agricultures and conservation purposes, respectively.

This article has tried to achieve a full understanding of Regional goals of creating new towns and expand the concept of regional balance , survey these towns especially Andishe new town to balance the regional employment and residence space. Datas have been gathered from Library research methods, In-depth interviews and Match data with satellite images,after that these datas analysised with Cross-sectional and triangulation methods. The results are expressed: Andishe new town by absorbing part of the overflow crowd of Metropolitan area and providing employment to its residents and Surrounding urban areas for its part as a planned place has had the most influence to balance the regional employment and residence space

This paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of France’s spatial planning system. The rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in France, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. The vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning and monitoring developmental impacts shows a progressive and evolutionary process. Meanwhile, the essence of two levelled approach to planning that defines development at the strategic level and reveals its fruits at the action plan level has made France successful in achieving development goals and preserving its green-fields. In the inner cities with the approval of the new planning law of “Urban Solidarity and Regeneration” there has been a revision in land use planning approach and the mechanism of “Local Urban Plans” preparation has led to the integration of planning process.

The environment impact assessment studies have started with the approval environment impact assessment pattern by sustainable development committee in 1997, but theirs reports are prepared with the different qualities and generally are not comprehensive. Therefore, for considering all aspects of environment, complimentary studis are neccessary. Althoagh many of iran’s dams have environment impact assessment report. they created several problems in their areas. In this study for environment impact assessment of Zablo Dam matrix method was used. Study results have shown that the sum of negative effects are 632 and the negative effects are -524. so that Chahnimeh Four Construction despite of having negative impacts has higher positive impacts on social, economic and biological environment Then Chah nimeh could be implemented.

Every time a visitor sets foot in an ecotourism site, he/she causes a negative impact. this is an unavoidable fact. an ecotourism program initiates many public use activities that will have impacts ,both positive and negative. an Ecotourism Management Plan seeks to minimize the negative impacts.therefore monitoring and managing of visitor impacts are fundamental ecotourism management strategies. If you do not know what effects your ecotourism activities are having on the sites natural environment and the surrounding communities, then you cannot say that you are successful. Monitoring costs General Management Plan and requires trained personnel and assistance of interested stakeholders. The first methods developed to address tourism impacts evolved from the concept of carrying capacity. the more simple concept of carrying capacity-limiting numbers of visitors- can sometimes be used as a solution for mitigating impacts in restricted, small-scale situations .in the survey ,disrupting objects, such as carrying capacity and monitoring of visitors activities.