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Toprak Kökenli Bitki Patojeni Funguslarla Mücadelede Biofumigasyonun Kullanım Olanakları
2019
Sevilay Saygı | Muharrem Türkkan | İsmail Erper
Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Armillaria ve Rosellinia gibi toprak kökenli bitki patojeni funguslar, birçok bahçe ve tarla ürününde bitki ölümlerine ve verim kayıplarına sebep olan kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarının kontrolünde dayanıklı çeşit kullanımı, ürün rotasyonu, solarizasyon, fungisit uygulamaları ve toprak fumigasyonu gibi çeşitli mücadele yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Metil bromide ve kloropikrin gibi fumigantlarla yapılan toprak fumigasyonu toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolü için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak bu kimyasalların çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, yeterli hastalık kontrolü sağlayan ve ticari fungisitlerle rekabet edebilen alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Biofumigasyon kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler arasında değerlendirilmekte nematodlar, yabancı otlar ve bazı fungusların neden olduğu hastalıkların mücadelesinde oldukça etkili olup, entegre mücadelenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde örtücü bitkiler, organik gübre ve biyokatı atıklar biyofumigant olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde biyofumigasyon uygulamaları ve biyofumigantların funguslar üzerindeki etki şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Economics of Maize and Bean Production: Why Farmers need to Shift to Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Production
2019
Hillary Moses Omondi Otieno | George N. Chemining’wa | Charles K. Gachene | Shamie Zingore
Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Effect of Spirulina Biomass Fortification for Biscuits and Chocolates
2019
Oya Irmak Şahin
Microalgae can be regarded as an alternative and promising ingredient for food fortification or enrichment. Due to their nutritional composition, especially protein-high composition, they considered as a sustainable protein source for food. The aim of this work was to evaluate the Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) dry biomass which is knowns as the greater protein and amino acid source in blue-green microalga, as innovative ingredient for newly formulated and produced biscuits and chocolates, for baby and children diets. All samples with Spirulina biomass showed significantly higher protein and amino acid content.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Investigation of The Effect of Carvacrol Addition on The Change of Some Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Apple Juice Contaminated with Zygosaccharomyces bailii
2019
Kevser Karaman | Osman Sağdıç
In this study, the effects of carvacrol addition which is a natural preservative to apple juice samples contaminated with Z. bailii which is an osmotolerant yeast and shows resistance against high sugar concentration, low acidity, ethanol content and pasteurization process, were investigated on some physicochemical and bioactive properties and also changes in yeast numbers during storage period. For this purpose, the response surface methodology was applied and storage time (1-41 days), storage temperature (4-20°C), sodium benzoate amount (0-0.1%) and carvacrol amount (0-750 ppm) were selected as processing variables. Significant changes in physicochemical properties were observed due to yeast viability occurred during the storage of apple juice samples. The increase in the amount of carvacrol caused a decrease in the number of yeasts about 7 log level and prevented the spoilage of fruit juices. However, the brix value of the samples without carvacrol showed a decrease of 50% as a result of yeast activity and the fruit juice could not be consumed. Total phenolic content of the sample was in the range of 136.7-645.7 mg GAE/L and the lowest total phenolic content was determined for the run 11 having no carvacrol while the highest total phenolic content was for the sample added with the highest carvacrol level. As a result of the optimization process, it was observed that the deterioration activities of Z. bailii could be prevented to a great extent by the addition of maximum amount of carvacrol.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Effects of Seasonal Factors in The Goats’ Reproductive Efficiency
2019
Usman Mir Khan | Ali Murad Khan | Umar Murad Khan | Zeliha Selamoğlu
Interest in goat farming is at its peak since the last decade of 20th century because the role of goat is well established in animal protein as well as in economic uplift of poor masses in the tropics and subtropics, but also constitutes an important component of traditional farming systems. Goat is a better option as farm animal in the tropics and subtropics as it can withstand dehydration and has better browsing habit which enables it to survive where cattle and sheep farming is difficult. Reproductive performance of does is of immense importance as contributing factor towards increased meat production and in finding out more prolific animals. This is the main factor affecting productivity of goats. Therefore, an improved reproduction rate will be an approach to increase in numbers. Reproductive seasonality represents a natural adaptation that provides important advantages for birth and offspring survival and development, as lambing/kidding coincides with good weather and maximum availability of forage. It is believed that photoperiod is the environmental factor other than food availability that determines the sexual activity in sheep and goat. This review paper focuses on the general aspects of seasonal factors influencing the goat’s reproductive efficiency.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Antioxidant Activities of Eucheuma sp. (Rhodophyceae) and Laminaria sp. (Phaeophyceae)
2019
İlknur Ak | Gülen Türker
In this study, antioxidant activities of two macroalgae, Eucheuma sp. J.Agardh and Laminaria sp., J.V.Lamouroux used as food supplements were investigated. The antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, the total content of phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins in extracts were determined. The IC50 values of the extracts of Eucheuma sp. and Laminaria sp. on DPPH scavenging activity was 2.26±0.03 mg/g and 2.63±0.03 mg/g of extract, respectively. The maximum total phenolic (5.31±0.04 mg GAE/g Ext.) were determined. According to our results, all extracts exhibited low radical scavenging activity when compared to the standards used, i.e. -tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with the inhibition percentage in the range of 48.45±0.06% (Eucheuma sp.) – 58.49±0.03% (Laminaria sp.). The highest flavonoid content was measured as 18.78±0.10 mg rutin/g of extract in Laminaria sp. The condensed tannins were not detected in Eucheuma sp. However, this value was measured as 6.24±0.60 mg CE/g of extract for Laminaria sp. According to our results, Eucheuma sp. and Laminaria sp., which are commercially sold in medicinal herb stores, are good sources of antioxidant components because of their phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Affinity of Propofol to Human Serum Albumin and Cardiovascular Effects
2019
Betül Özaltun | Zeliha Selamoğlu
Propofol is used in general anesthesia and sedation. İt is an lipofilic agent and metabolize to inactive form in liver then excreted in the urine. In body it is turnover changes by human serum albumin amount. >97% of propofol is bound to serum albumin. So that hypoalbunemia changes propofol effects. Free form of propopol can pass all membrans such as the blood-brain barrier and the cellular membrane of the cardiac endothelium. Propofol may cause significant myocardial depression, decrease blood pressure and cause life threatining arytmias. Changes in the ratio of free and bound forms of propofol and albumin depending on the dose and duration of administration, the effects of this ratio on cardiac profile are discussed in this study. According to the findings, it was determined that the albumin affinity of propofol decreased in all dose groups in time. Since free HSA and free propofol ratio will increase, this situation is thought to affect the cardiac profile negatively.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Çiftçinin Organik Tarıma Geçişinde Bilgilendirme Faktörünün Rolü: Kadirli Örneği
2019
Nermin Bahşi | Hasan Kurt
Bu çalışmada, çiftçilerin organik tarım bilgi düzeylerinin öğrenilmesi ve çiftçilerin organik tarıma geçme istekleri, organik tarıma başlamama nedenlerinin tespit edilmesi, organik tarıma yönelişe etkili olabilecek bilgilendirme konularının öğrenilmesi ve organik tarıma geçilmesindeki bilgilendirmenin önemini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Osmaniye ili Kadirli ilçesinde Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemine kaydı olan çiftçilerden tabakalı örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 85 çiftçi ile yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, çiftçilerin büyük oranda organik tarım kavramını bilmedikleri, genellikle gübresiz tarım ve doğal tarım olarak ifade ettiği belirlenmiştir. Üreticiler tarımsal uygulamalar konusunda bilgi kaynağı olarak ilaç bayilerini kullanırken, en rahat bilgi alabildikleri kaynağın ise kitle iletişim araçları olduğunu ifade etmektedirler. Çiftçilerin organik tarım konusundaki bilgilendirmeleri yetersiz buldukları da elde edilen önemli bulgulardandır.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Grape Leaves as a Natural Antioxidant Source: Determination of Total Phenolic Compound Changes
2019
Zehra Babalık | Nilgün Göktürk Baydar
In this study, total phenolic compounds which possess health-promoting effects and provide basic nutrition were aimed to determine the alterations in different grapevine leaves. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method by using a spectrophotometer. At the result of the study, it was determined that contents of total phenolic in leaves collected from different grape cultivars were varied to cultivars and grape leaves had high phenolic compounds as berries. Therefore the grape leaves especially wine grapes such as Narince, Boğazkere ve Kalecik Karası may be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and food supplement at pharmaceutical and food industry.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Preliminary Evaluation of Anti-Listerial Bacteriocin-like Peptide Produced by Enterococcus lactis PMD74 Isolated from Ezine Cheese
2019
Başar Uymaz Tezel
Enterococcus lactis PMD74 is a novel strain with a notably high antimicrobial activity. The present study evaluated the anti-listerial effect of a bacteriocin-like peptide (BLIP) produced by E. lactis PMD74 isolated from Ezine cheese (PDO). The strain was screened for its antimicrobial activity against 22 indicator strains using both agar spot and well diffusion methods. We observed that the neutralized cell-free supernatant (CFS) of E. lactis PMD74 exhibited varying levels of antimicrobial activity against both closely and distantly related pathogenic strains, with the highest activity displayed against Listeria monocytogenes strains. Although thermostable and resistant to lysozyme treatment, BLIP could be completely inactivated by trypsin, proteinase K, and α-chymotrypsin treatments. BLIP production starts in the early exponential growth phase of E. lactis PMD74 (3 h incubation, 400 AU mL–1) and reaches its maximal production (6400 AU mL–1) at the end of the exponential growth phase. Moreover, it is stable in the pH range of 2.0 to 7.0. The treatment of cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Escherichia coli ATCC 26922 with sterilized CFS exhibited bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, respectively. Furthermore, co-inoculation of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and E. lactis PMD74 in skim milk led to complete loss of viability of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644. These findings suggest that BLIP produced by E. lactis PMD74 could serve as a promising food preservative agent owing to its bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties.
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