Organic agricultural products are food products that are inspected and certified at all stages of production until they are offered for consumption by institutions that are authorized by the state. Beekeeping products made for human food are also subject to the same certification process. With this research, it was aimed to reveal the organic beekeeping and organic honey understanding of the people of Iğdır region. With the survey, the information of the local consumers about organic honey, how they got this information, their status and reasons for organic honey consumption, as well as the certification processes were collected. The obtained data were analyzed with numerical, proportional, and decision tree methods. The genders of the survey participants were 66% male, 34% female. It was also determined that 70.5% of the participants were under the age of 40, had a bachelor's degree or higher education level in the proportion of 43%, and 63% had a minimum wage or lower-income level. For the questions asked about the research topic, it was reported that participants know and eat organic honey in the proportion of 93%, buy organic honey in the proportion of 77.5%, having information about the organic honey certificate in the proportion of 67% and certification stages in the proportion of 43%. Despite these high rates, the same participants gave contradictory answers to some other questions, such as; for the question of “What is organic honey?” the answer of "Certified honey" in the proportion of only 11.5% and for the question of “How did you know that the organic honey you bought was organic honey?” the answer of " I saw its certificate” in the proportion of only 18.1%. This contradiction was noted. With this research, it was determined that the local people did not have enough information about organic beekeeping and honey understanding. In order to fill this gap, it can be suggested that healthy nutrition lessons be included in the education curricula starting from primary school, and usage of TV, radio, and internet broadcasting for this purpose. The fact that the participants' education level is high and their age is young may provide an advantage in order to get results from the training to be given on the subject.

Cultivation and consumption of berry fruits in the world and in our country is increasing due to reasons such as different ways of evaluation, high income per unit area and health benefits. Aronia, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, is a berry type that can be easily grown in temperate climates and has a high yield per unit area. Aronia is included in healthy nutrition programs due to the antioxidants, phenols, minerals and vitamins it contains. Besides fresh consumption, aronia fruits are also used by drying, processing into products such as fruit juice, vinegar, jam, tea, marmalade.

The basic rule in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) rearing is to work with qualified queens. Quality queen means strong and healthy colonies. Honey bee colonies are a social community, each managed by a single queen bee. The queen bee is the only female that produces eggs in the colony under normal conditions, and the quality and healthy queen is important for the continuity of the colony. Many factors affect the quality of the queen bee, such as the rearing colony, the age of the transferred larva and the transfer medium, the season, cell emergence weight, spermatheca charged, the characteristics of the starter and finisher hives. In this paper, the issues to be considered in raising a quality queen are emphasized.

Niğde is one of the provinces in Turkey where potato production is carried out intensively. In this study it was aimed to examine the change in the potato production costs and profitability in Niğde province in 2000-2014 period. In Niğde the absolute profit obtained from the potato production was calculated as 355.6TL/da for 2014. Among the examined years, the year in which the highest absolute profit was 2005 with 450.8 TL/da and the lowest absolute profit was in 2012 with -329.7 TL/da. Gross production value can meet the production costs in all of the examined years except for 2012. However, with the increase in production costs, absolute and relative profits tended decrease.

Sıcak bölgelerde ve yaz aylarındaki yüksek sıcaklıklar, yumurta tavuklarının verim ve üretkenliğini bozmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sıcaklık stresinin yumurta tavuklarının verim ve üretkenlik üzerine etkilerine dikkat çekerek ortaya çıkan kayıpları azaltmak için alınacak önlemler hakkında detaylı bilgi vermek amaçlanmıştır. Sıcaklık stresi, bağışıklık tepkilerini engellenmesi nedeniyle yüksek ölüm oranları ile ticari yumurta tavuğu üretiminde önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açan ve üretim performansının tüm parametrelerini, üretkenliği etkileyen en zorlu sorunlardan biridir. Yüksek vücut ısısı, sıcak-kuru deri, felç, baş ağrısı ve bilinç kaybı gibi nörolojik belirtilerle kendini gösterir. Sıcak krampları ve çarpması sonucu ölümlere sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca sıcaklık stresi dişi-erkek yumurta tavuklarının üreme hormonlarının durumunu da bozar. Erkeklerde canlı sperm sayısı ve hareketini azaltarak kısırlığa neden olur. Sıcaklık stresinin etkisi yaşa, cinse, vücut ağırlığına, bağıl neme ve yüksek sıcaklıkta kalış süresine bağlıdır. Sıcaklık, optimum yumurta verimi ve kalitesi için 24°C’nin, refah ve üretkenlik için ise 27°C’nin üstüne çıkmamalıdır. Bu sıcaklığın üstünde tavuklarda hızlı nefes alma, vücutlarından çevreye ısı yaymama problemi, yem tüketimi ve canlı ağırlık artışında azalma görülmeye başlar. Yüksek sıcaklıklarda 34-35°C yumurta üretimi yaklaşık %30, yem alımı da %30-50 arasında azalmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sıcaklık stresine karşı yem yönetimi, sıcaklık stresi azaltıcı katkı maddelerinin yeme ve suya eklenmesi, barınaklarda iklimsel çevre denetimi, erken yaşam şartlandırması ve sıcaklık stresine dayanıklı ırkların genetik seçimi gibi önlemler alınabilir.

The commercial production of cultivated-mushroom, which has a forty years of past in Turkey, was started after 1980s. Until the recent decade, most of the total amount of production in Turkey was performed by family members while the cultivation of the product has gained an upward trend since the beginning of 2000s, though the amount and development rate were not enough. During that time, a number of large (>2000 m2) and medium (500-2000 m2) scale mushroom production facilities were established and Turkey has gained an important place in mushroom production in the world. In this study, we aimed to reveal the common production methods of ten medium and large scale mushroom companies whose daily production capacities are above 1 ton in six regions. In this respect, all companies have been visited and communicated directly with company representatives and a survey comprising 65 questions about company, production facility, compost and casing soil, production systems, diseases and pests and packaging was made. The findings have suggested us that such companies have mostly a history of 15 years of time and have a land size of 10-50 thousand m2, while their mushroom production areas vary between in size and that they make use of technology in production and automation in their plants and they have quality management systems (ITU, ISO 9001, ISO 22000 and Global Gap ) and they employ generally qualified and experienced technicians or agriculture engineers and also that 40% of them receive consultancy and also that they use their own productions or standard ready mycelium planted compost and that they use domestic peat as casing material and that they package the mushrooms with their brands and sell to markets mostly and lastly that they conduct pre-sale quality sorting and grading. It was also seen that there is lack of food engineers employed and most of the companies do not receive consultancy, and that the waste compost is not evaluated correctly and that the covering material is not in the required standards and that there are even companies not doing any water analysis and that coal for heating and chemicals for disinfection are used and that diseases and pests are inevitable and last that they lack in processing different products.

Yabani mantarlardan zehirlenme riski korkusu insanları kültüre alınabilen mantar türleri üretimini artırmaktadır. Bu mantar türleri içerisinde yer alan istiridye mantarı üretimindeki bazı avantajlar nedeniyle son yıllarda tercih edilir olmuştur. Mantar üretiminin artmasında üretim ortamlarında bölgesel çeşitliliğin sağlanması çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Van ve çevresine mantar üretimini yaygınlaştırmak ve bölge üreticilerinin kolay temin edebilecekleri saman ve atıl durumda olan demlenmiş çay atıklarında üretimin etkinliğini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Buğday samanı, demleme çay atığı ve hazır mantar üretim kitleriyle kurulan çalışma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak tasarlanmıştır. Elde edilen mantarlarda, ilk hasat, karpofor ağırlığı, toplam verim, karpofor ölçüleri, makro ve mikro elementler parametrelerine bakılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada çay ortamında üretilen mantar verilerinin, mantar üretimi yapan firmalardan alınan hazır kitlerden alınan mantar verilerine daha yakın sonuç alındığı görülmüştür.

The study aims to investigate the monthly changes in the prices of culture fish that were sold in retail fish outlets in Sinop in 2019 and determine the correlations between the prices of the species. The retail outlets were determined using stratified sampling and divided into three groups as I (high), II (medium), and III (low) with respect to their product range and sale amounts. Each sale group was represented by two independent retail outlets. The prices were determined twice a month at the same time of the day during the study. The retail outlets were determined to sell sea bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) culturing of which are carried out in Turkey. The difference in the monthly prices of the species was not statistically significant. There was a positive and moderate relationship between the prices of sea bream and sea bass (r=0.69), a positive and strong relationship between the prices of sea bass and trout (r=0.85), and a positive and strong relationship between the prices of sea bream and trout (r=0.71).

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.

Günümüzde kesme çiçek gelir getiren bir faaliyet kolu haline gelmiştir. Dünya’da 2014 yılında 609.000 ha alanda kesme çiçek üretimi yapılmakta ve süs bitkileri üretim alanının %39’unu oluşturmaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminde Asya Pasifik, Amerika kıtaları öncelikli kıtalar, ABD, Japonya, İtalya, Hollanda, Ekvator, Kolombiya, Kenya öncelikli ülkelerdir. Avrupa Kıtası Dünya toplam ihracatının %63’üne Amerika kıtası %29’una hâkimdir. En çok Kesme çiçek ihracatı yapan ülkeler Hollanda (%56), Kolombiya (%17), Ekvator’dur (%11). En çok kesme çiçek ithal eden ülkeler ABD (%18), Almanya (%15), Hollanda’dır (%14). Türkiye’de süs bitkileri üretimi yapılan alanların %26’sında kesme çiçek üretilmektedir. 2016 yılı TÜİK verilerine göre; kesme çiçek üretimi toplamda 1.195 hektarlık alanda yapılmaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminin süs bitkileri içerisindeki payı %68’in üzerindedir. Kesme çiçek üretiminde Akdeniz bölgesi %46’lık pay ve 5.095 da ile en fazla kesme çiçek üretim alanına sahiptir. Türkiye coğrafi konumu ve iklim özellikleri bakımından kesme çiçek üretiminde geniş imkânlara sahip ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Kesme çiçek üretiminde ekim alanı olarak ilk sırayı İzmir (%41,25) almaktadır. Türkiye’nin süs bitkileri ihracatı 81,5 milyon ABD dolarına yükselmiş ve dünyada bu değerle 26.sırada yer almıştır. Ürün grupları içerisinde %34 oranla en fazla ihracat 27,7milyon ABD dolarıyla kesme çiçeklere aittir. En fazla ihracat yapılan ülke Hollanda’dır (%19,29). Türkiye’de kesme çiçekler arasında en fazla üretimi ve ihracatı yapılan çiçek karanfildir. Kesme çiçek sektörü gelişmeye açık bir sektördür. Bu nedenle ticarette pazar istekleri doğrultusunda hareket etmek ve ürün çeşitliliğine gitmek sektörün gelişimine faydalı olacaktır.