Nearly all of the apricot varieties grown in Malatya are dried apricots and the plantation areas in this region are expanding daily. Due to the impact of climate change, producers are growing apricots mostly under limited irrigation or even dry conditions. Therefore, it is essential to determine the drought resistance characteristics of the varieties commonly cultivated in this region. In this study, different irrigation levels of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of available water were applied to Hacıhalioğlu, Kabaaşı, Çataloğlu, Hasanbey and Soğancı apricot varieties. To evaluate the resistance of the varieties to drought stress and its relationship with physiological changes, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total sugar, total starch and abscisic acid contents in the leaves were analyzed. A decrease in chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total starch values and an increase in total sugar and ABA values were determined due to the decrease in irrigation rates. In Kabaasi and Hasanbey varieties, which were observed as the most resistant to water shortage, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total starch values were higher and total sugar content was lower at decreased irrigation levels. No difference was detected between varieties in ABA values. As a result of the observations in the drought resistance tests and physiological analyses, it was concluded that the most resistant varieties were Kabaasi and Hasanbey. Unfortunately, the most sensitive variety was the most widespread Hacihaliloglu. In addition, analyzing and evaluating the physiological changes occurring in apricot under drought stress will be useful in developing the most appropriate irrigation strategies for each variety and increasing water use efficiency. It may also be useful in cross-breeding studies to develop new drought-resistant varieties.

This review investigates the effects of heat and drought stress on future food security of Turkish agriculture. Temperature average is expected to rise to 3.2°C at the end of the current century while annual precipitation will decline more than 10% in the west and south and rise by 20% in the north of Türkiye, implying that climate change will affect ecosystem sustainability. It is therefore crucial to develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change such as adjusting the planting schedule, reduced tillage, fertiliser microdosing, pre-sowing seed treatment, and the application of growth promoting bacteria to improve tolerance to stress by comprehending how plants respond physiologically and biochemically under these stress conditions. Long-term heat stress may hinder photosynthetic electron transport, decreasing the plant's ability to make use of energy for photosynthesis. The immediate response of plants under drought stress involves closing stomatal openings to reduce water loss through stomatal conductance. Combined heat and drought stress have a greater adverse effect on plant development and production than their effects in isolation. Plant phenotyping can play a major role in “climate-proofing” Turkish agriculture through the identification and development of crop varities with improved prouctivity, climate resilience and input requirements. Digital agriculture will also improve the efficiency of Turkish agricultural systems as the adapt to a hotter drier climate. To ensure future food security and the viability of the agro-economic system in Türkiye steps must be taken to make Turkish agriculture more robust in preparation for the impacts of climate change.

Sugar beet is one of the most economically important agricultural crops cultivated in many provinces of Turkey. Especially in recent years, there has been an increase in bacterial tuber rot due to factors related to climate change. In preliminary trials, soft rot disease by Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum (Pcc) and Pectobacterium betavasculorum (Pb) were detected predominantly in sugar beets in Central Anatolia. Today, some cultural measures and copper compounds are used against soft rot agents in sugar beet, but successful results cannot be obtained in preventing the disease. In this study, a total of 270 soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of 10 different fields in 3 different periods in 3 different ecologically diverse districts (Çumra, Altınekin and Seydişehir) of Konya, one of the provinces with the highest amount of sugar beet production in Turkey. As a result of the isolations, a total of 3064 bacterial isolates were purified and 262 of them showed antibacterial activity against Pcc and Pb in vitro conditions. In addition, 15 antagonist bacteria with the highest inhibitory effect on the development of both pathogens were tested in greenhouse conditions, and according to the results obtained from here, 3 antagonists with the highest effect were tested in field conditions in the cultivation areas of 3 different districts named above. Biochemical, morphological and molecular diagnoses of antagonist bacteria with high efficacy were made. According to the results obtained, it has been concluded that rhizospheric bacteria with antagonistic effect have a success rate of 33-90% against Pcc and Pb pathogens, and that the biological products to be prepared in future studies can be used in ecological, climate friendly and within sustainable agricultural practices in sugar beet production areas.

: Global climate change is a threat to Turkiye, especially in the agricultural sector. In recent years, the impact of climate change has been felt seriously in Çorum Province. The present study was carried out after it was observed that the average temperature in Çorum province, which was 10.8 °C in 1929-2019 period, rose up to 13.15 °C in 2020. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors that affect the climate change adaptation behavior of the farmers in Çorum, where 37% of the land is devoted to wheat production. A survey was conducted with 385 farmers in January and February, 2021. It was revealed that personal experience had a positive effect of 54% on adaptation behavior, 50% on risk perception and 81% on climate change beliefs. In addition, although belief in climate change had a 45% positive effect on risk perception, risk perception and beliefs had no significant effect on the adaptation behavior. As a result, raising the awareness of farmers about adaptation using agricultural extension services and personal experience teaching method before incurring economic loss is critical to reduce climate risks and to better adapt to climate change.

Climate unpredictability and weather extremes are being projected as capable of presenting additional challenges for farmers currently engaged in the low-technology based food production systems in sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria. This study assessed rice farming households’ vulnerability to climate change in Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data, collected from 150 respondents using simple random sampling procedure were analysed employing descriptive statistic was use to describe the coping strategies adopted and Human Development Index (HDI) was created to assess vulnerability of rice farmers to climate change. Statistical analyses indicated a vulnerability assessment index of 0.3001, pointing to a fact that the zone is prone to the adverse effects of climatic variability. For this reason, the study empirically underscores the need for farmers to adopt and adapt the planting of drought tolerant and/or early maturing varieties of rice. Importantly, the capacities of the local communities needs to be strengthened vis-à-vis the relationship between climate change and crop production. Capacity building at the farm level is crucial for improving crop, soil and water management, enhancing the demand for and use of better and more efficient production inputs. Tied to farm-level capacity building is the need to refocus public agricultural-based institutions towards exposing the rice farmers to effective mitigation strategies in the wake of climate change, provision of agricultural inputs, expansion of irrigation, efficient and effective extension service delivery, market development and other forms of necessary support.

A field survey was conducted to study the factor that determines farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Deurali and Agyouli V.D.Cs of Nawalparasi District. Altogether 180 household, 90 from each V.D.C were selected randomly for the study. A logit regression model was employed in the study. However, in order to measure the magnitude of the impact of the explanatory variables on the decision of the farmer to adapt to climate change marginal effects were computed. The study uses a binary dependent variable taking the value 1 if the farmer adapted to climate change and 0 otherwise. A farmer is considered to have adapted to climate change if he/she has employed at least one of the adaptation strategies such as early and late planting, use of drought resistant crops, zero tillage operation, crop diversification, use of mulching and composting of weeds to control water loss and conserving moisture in the field. This current research considers the following as potential factors determining farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change; economically active members, education of the household head, farm size, annual cash earnings, access to credit, training and extension. Findings reveal that these factors influence farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change in Nawalparasi District and marginal effects computed showed that per unit increase in these variables increased the probability of practicing different adaptation strategies by 4.3%, 31.4%, 3%, 1.5%, 17%, 66% respectively. The log likelihood was computed to be -43.45. Psuedo. R2 was calculated to be 39%.

Plants need to accumalate heat to complete a particular or whole growth period. This accumalation depends on temperature thresholds above or below which plant growth ceases, and on air temperature. It can be speculated that more heat accumulation is available for plants due to rapid warming within three or four decades. This study presents more recent heat accumulation for plants, quantified using a useful index called growing degree day (GDD), for five locations (Söke, Kuşadası, Aydın, Sultanhisar and Nazilli) in Aydın, Türkiye, during the latest climatic normal period from 1991 to 2020. GDD values were calculated both in monthly basis from March through October, and in daily basis from March 1st to October 31st. Monthly GDD averages, as expected, showed a pattern that increased from March to July or August, then decreased thereafter till October. Range and standart deviation showed approximately an opposite pattern, suggesting higher uncertainity in relatively colder months. The results are expected to provide farmers or agricultural practitioners with the latest averages of GDD to predict plant growth and development.

This review investigates the effects of heat and drought stress on future food security of Turkish agriculture. Temperature average is expected to rise to 3.2°C at the end of the current century while annual precipitation will decline more than 10% in the west and south and rise by 20% in the north of Türkiye, implying that climate change will affect ecosystem sustainability. It is therefore crucial to develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change such as adjusting the planting schedule, reduced tillage, fertiliser microdosing, pre-sowing seed treatment, and the application of growth promoting bacteria to improve tolerance to stress by comprehending how plants respond physiologically and biochemically under these stress conditions. Long-term heat stress may hinder photosynthetic electron transport, decreasing the plant's ability to make use of energy for photosynthesis. The immediate response of plants under drought stress involves closing stomatal openings to reduce water loss through stomatal conductance. Combined heat and drought stress have a greater adverse effect on plant development and production than their effects in isolation. Plant phenotyping can play a major role in “climate-proofing” Turkish agriculture through the identification and development of crop varities with improved prouctivity, climate resilience and input requirements. Digital agriculture will also improve the efficiency of Turkish agricultural systems as the adapt to a hotter drier climate. To ensure future food security and the viability of the agro-economic system in Türkiye steps must be taken to make Turkish agriculture more robust in preparation for the impacts of climate change.