In this study, the regeneration of the Colchicum soboliferum species, one of the medicinal aromatic plants growing naturally in Türkiye, was examined by the somatic embryogenesis method. Within the scope of experiments on somatic embryogenesis, corms of the Colchicum soboliferum species were used as explant source. 16 media containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg.L⁻¹), Benzyl adenine (BA) (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg.L⁻¹), and 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP) (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg.L⁻¹) as plant growth regulators were used in this regeneration research. Different ratios and combinations of Murashige ve Skoog (MS) media were tested. In the applications, the highest embryogenic callus formation was observed with a rate of 60% in Murashige ve Skoog (MS) media containing 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.1 mg.L⁻¹ 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP). The highest embryo formation, with a rate of 48.33%, was obtained in MS media containing 2 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ Benzyl adenine (BA) and 2 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.1 mg.L⁻¹ 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP). No growth was observed in the control application that did not contain plant growth regulators.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different doses (10, 20 and 30%) of sumac shrub leaf substitution instead of corn silage in sheep rations on in vitro gas and methane production, metabolic energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and organic matter digestion degree. Sheep ration consisting of corn silage (20%), alfalfa straw (22.5%), dry meadow grass (20%), and commercial feed (37.5%) constituted the control group. The experimental groups were formed by substituting 10 (S1), 20 (S2) and 30 (S3) percent sumac shrub leaves for corn silage in the control (C) group formed the experimental groups. The effect of sumac shrub leaf substitution on in vitro gas and methane production, metabolic energy, net energy lactation, and organic matter digestion degree was found to be significant. The 24-hour in vitro gas production values of rations ranged between 43.11- 46.77 ml/200 mg DM, methane production values 6.8-7.48 ml, metabolic energy values 8.91-9.41 MJ/kg DM, net energy lactation, 5.59-5.95 MJ/kg DM and organic matter digestion degree values found between 64.25 and 67.61%. As a result, it was determined that increasing doses of sumac shrub leaf substitute reduced gas and methane production. In addition, it was concluded that the data obtained should be supported by determining the microorganism counts, feed consumption amounts, and feed efficiency coefficients with in vivo studies.

Banana is a fruit crop which has high demand in Ethiopia, but its production is constrained by lack of disease free planting material with conventional propagation methods. For shoot initiation, shoot tip explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L BAP. Similarly, MS medium supplemented with BAP at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L in combination with IBA at 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L were used for shoot multiplication. Half- strength MS medium augmented with IBA at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/l were used for root induction. MS medium without PGRs were used as controls. Finally, hardening of the in vitro derived plantlets was carried out in green house both in the primary and secondary acclimatization stages. Results showed that the highest shoot initiation percent (93.40%), highest mean number of shoots per explant (4.67) and lesser day for shoot induction (11.00) were observed in explant cultured on MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP. With shoot multiplication, highest shooting percent (92.60%), maximum number of shoots (7.67) and highest shoot length (5.27 cm) were recorded on MS + 1.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IBA. The highest rooting percent (93.40%), maximum root number per shoot (7.67) and highest root length (11.00 cm) were found on a half strength MS medium + 2.0 mg/L IBA. The survival rate of plantlets were 96.00% in coco peat substrate in primary acclimatization and 97.92% in forest soil, sand and manure substrates mixed at 3:2:1 ratio in secondary acclimatization. Overall, the result showed that the PGRs type, concentrations and combinations used are effective for mass propagation of banana variety studied in this experiment.

Ekşi mayalı ekmek, buğday, çavdar veya diğer tahıl unlarının su ile karıştırılması ve laktik asit fermantasyonu sonucu elde edilen geleneksel bir üründür. Ekşi maya fermantasyonu ile üretilen gıdaların sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini sağlayan mekanizmaların; mikroorganizmaların probiyotik etkisi, biyoaktif peptit ve organik asitlerin (asetik asit, bütirat, propiyonik asit) üretimi, anti-besin (fitik asit vb.) miktarının azalması, fenolik bileşik ve antioksidan biyoerişilebilirliğinin artması, nişasta ve proteinin sindirilebilirliği ve minerallerin biyoyararlılığında artış, glutenin degradasyonu ile çölyak hastalarına yeni ürün geliştirme sağlaması olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ekşi maya fermantasyonunun ekmek bileşenleri üzerine etkisi, in vitro biyoerişilebilirliği ve sağlığa faydaları irdelenmiştir.

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed from in vitro germinated seeds of Petunia hybrida an ornamentally important plant in the family Solanaceae. Shoot tip and node explants of Petunia hybrida were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3). The highest shoot length was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot number (3 shoots/explant) were obtained from MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The isolated shoots were transferred to MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of GA3 ranging from 0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l for shoot elongation. The highest shoot length (5.75 cm) was recorded from the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l GA3 +0.2 mg/l BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-1 mg/1 IBA and NAA. The regenerated shoots with well developed roots were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sterilized peat moss and grown under laboratory conditions with 70% survival rates.

Certified potato seed tuber usage is one of the most important steps for production of high yield and quality potatoes. For this reason different seed tuber production methods have been developed. Among these methods, mini tuber production is the most popular one. In order to produce mini tubers, firstly potato plants are produced in vitro, and these plants are transferred to an environmentally-controlled greenhouse. Thus, disease- and virus-free mini tubers are produced as seed tubers. However, in vitro section of mini tuber production creates problems like storage and transfer of in vitro plants, and adaptation period of the plants to greenhouse conditions. In vitro micro tuber (MT) formation has been selected as a solution of these problems. The aim of the study was to produce micro tubers from 15 different genotypes and evaluate their micro tuberization performances to determine the genotype effect on MT formation. 3 varieties, 3 breeding lines and 9 different genotypes from International Potato Center (CIP) were selected for the study. For this purpose, micro tubers are produced in vitro by using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8% sucrose and 0.1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). All experiments were conducted under dark conditions and 22/16 °C (8/16 h) temperature cycle. The micro tuberization performances were evaluated according to MT number per plant, MT formation rate (%), MT weight per plant (g), mean MT weight (g), mean MT diameter (mm). Differences between micro tuber production performances of different genotypes were determined and CIP395017.229 was identified as the most promising genotype to produce micro tubers.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean (ESB) by in situ (nylon bag) and in vitro enzymatic method and to develop an equation in order predict in situ degradability from in vitro values. In the study enzymatic technique; hydrolysis after 1 h (INV1) and after 24 h (INV24) by a purified protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8 was used as in vitro method. Relationship between in situ effective protein degradability (INSE) and in vitro degradability after 1 and 24 hours incubations (INV1 and INV24) were determined. In situ protein degradability was measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 and at 72 h incubations in the rumen of 3 Holstein cows. In the study INSE, INV1 and INV24 were determined as 58.05, 20.24 and 41.46% respectively. Despite there were differences between in situ and in vitro protein degradability values, correlation coefficients between in situ and in vitro protein degradability of ESB were high and regression equations for estimation of in situ from in vitro were found significant. As conclusion in vitro enzymatic protein degradability (INV1 and INV24) can be used for estimation of in situ effective protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean.

In this study, the regeneration of the Colchicum soboliferum species, one of the medicinal aromatic plants growing naturally in Türkiye, was examined by the somatic embryogenesis method. Within the scope of experiments on somatic embryogenesis, corms of the Colchicum soboliferum species were used as explant source. 16 media containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg.L⁻¹), Benzyl adenine (BA) (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg.L⁻¹), and 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP) (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg.L⁻¹) as plant growth regulators were used in this regeneration research. Different ratios and combinations of Murashige ve Skoog (MS) media were tested. In the applications, the highest embryogenic callus formation was observed with a rate of 60% in Murashige ve Skoog (MS) media containing 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.1 mg.L⁻¹ 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP). The highest embryo formation, with a rate of 48.33%, was obtained in MS media containing 2 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.5 mg.L⁻¹ Benzyl adenine (BA) and 2 mg.L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.1 mg.L⁻¹ 2-Isopentenyladenine (2IP). No growth was observed in the control application that did not contain plant growth regulators.

Tomato buds of cv. Idkawy were cultured in vitro on solid MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The plantlets that were produced were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, ranging from 100 to 200 Gy. Afterward, single pieces of nodes were cut and moved to a fresh MS medium with 0.2 mg-l of BAP. The gamma radiation caused a mortality rate of 18.75% to 52.5% among the explants. The surviving plantlets were then cut into single node pieces and transferred to an MS medium containing 0.2 mg-l of BAP, with added NaCl concentrations of either 50 or 100 mM. There was increased mortality of the vegetative buds on the explants with increased salt concentrations. It was shown that the all gamma radiation doses caused reduced the percentage of survival at saline levels. The genetic diversity was assessment by using ten primers for each SCoT and ISSR markers to six irradiated treatments grew under salt stress (100 Gy x 50 mM, 150 Gy x 50 mM, 200 Gy x 50 mM, 100 Gy x 100 mM, 150 Gy x 100 mM, 200 Gy x 100 mM). It was showed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (29.56%) is higher than the ISSR marker (26.78%). The average of PIC values for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.197 and 0.288 (PIC ˂0.5), as well as, MI values were 0.077 and 0.081, respectively. In contrast, when considering the number of alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) parameters, it was observed that the greatest genetic variation was caused by the combined treatment of 200 Gy x 50 mM NaCl using the SCoT marker. On the other hand, with the ISSR marker, the highest induced genetic variation was seen with the combined treatment of 150 Gy x 50 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets grew under salt stress. The relationships within treatments were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.