KOP region covers Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, Niğde Nevşehir, Yozgat, Kırıkkale and Kırşehir provinces. KOP region has an area of 95,580 km² about 12,3%, with 4.515.046 population about 5,4% and 12,3% of agricultural lands of Turkey. KOP Region has 13.1 % grassland and 9,4% of the area of forage crops cultivation and in terms of production forage crops 15,8% of Turkey. KOP region has also 2.150.920 head of cattle (11,8% of the Turkey), and whit 5.431.031 head of small ruminant (%10,9 of the Turkey). 3.032.086 tons of milk is produced in the KOP region (13,2% of the Turkey). It is produced in the KOP region that 11,9% of Turkey's total red meat production. Livestock and forage crops production has an important place in 8 provinces of the KOP region. In this study, the current situation of livestock, pasture and forage crops cultivation in KOP provinces were evaluated and its effects on regional and country development were examined. Since there are 1.608.530 tons of forage deficit in the KOP region, the production of forage should be increased. In order to increase animal production in the region by the KOP Administration, efforts towards expanding modern techniques and improving livestock infrastructure should continue and animal husbandry activities should continue to be supported with new projects.

Hydroponic farming system (HFS) is used to meet the roughage requirements of ruminants as an alternative method. In the system, forage production is achieved all over the year and germinated grains such as barley, wheat and oat, are used as fresh forage sources. In the present study, HFS, about which there are limited information, was discussed with its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the nutritive values of fresh forages produced in HFS system and also their using possibilities in animal nutrition were discussed. It was understood that HFS can be used for meeting forage requirements of ruminants if it runs effectively.

Organik olarak üretilen tavuk yumurtasının daha fazla besleyicilik ve duyusal özelliklere sahip olmasının yanı sıra sağlığa zararlı herhangi bir madde içermemesi, tüketicinin öncelikli beklentilerindendir. Araştırmalar, beklenenin aksine; kafes yumurtaları ile organik yumurtaların kuru madde, lipit ve yağ asitleri arasında önemli bir farklılık bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Organik yumurtanın kafes yumurtasına göre yaklaşık iki kat fiyata satılmasının sadece psikolojik ve etik motivasyon taşıdığı bildirilmektedir. Avrupa Birliği Konseyi organik yumurta üretiminde tavukların bazal rasyonun yanı sıra yeşil kaba yem materyallerine erişimini de gerekli görmektedir. Ancak bu erişimin sağlanması durumunda, organik olarak üretilen yumurta tüketici beklentilerine karşılık verebilir. Araştırmalar ülkemiz Organik Tarım Kanuna göre tavuk başına ayrılan 4 m2’lik gezinti alanının bu talepleri karşılamada yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu durum tavuklara ayrılan gezinti alanının çeşitli yem bitkileri ile rotasyona uygun olarak ekili olmasını sağlayacak şekilde artırılmasını veya gezinti alanına dışarıdan ilave yeşil kaba yem materyallerinin getirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Böylece fonksiyonel gıda özelliği olan bir ürün elde etmenin yanı sıra gagalama ve kanibalizmin azalarak hayvan refahının arttığı bir üretim tarzına ulaşılmış olacaktır. Bu derlemede organik yumurta üretiminde başta karotenoidler olmak üzere yağ asitleri gibi kimyasal içeriklerin artırılması ile renk, koku ve tat gibi duyusal özelliklerin iyileştirilme olanaklarına yönelik uygulamalara yer verilmiştir.

Roughages, a group of animal feeds, are most important input for an ecomical animal production. Without a systematic plan of roughage assurance is not possible profitable animal production. Sources of the roughages are native meadows and pastures, forage plants grown in the crop production and harvest residues of the plant production. In this review, present status of roughage production and its development possibilities in Adana province were discussed.

The most important way to reduce feed inputs is to increase the amount of good quality roughage. According to official data of Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI) in 2018, Turkey has 18.6 million bovine animal unit (BAU) livestock existence, and 85 million tons of quality roughage is needed to feed the animal existence. However, total quality roughage production of in the Turkey is 59 million, 10 million from meadow and grassland lands, 18 million from forage crops, 31 million from plant residues. Accordingly, the roughage gap in the country is 26 million tons, this accounts for 30% of the need. The quality roughage deficit is quite above this. The Eastern Anatolia region and Muş province have a great potential in Turkey’s animal husbandry both in terms of the presence of animals and the productivity of the grassland areas. The amount of forage crops produced in the region, where livestock is based on pasture and grassland in general, is also above the average of forage crops produced in Turkey. In order to closure roughage gap in Turkey, it is necessary to obtain higher yields from these areas by improvement and using them in accordance with the technique of those areas. In addition, it is necessary to increase the cultivation areas of forage crops within the field agriculture. By the closure of the shortage of roughage, higher animal production will be achieved, input costs may decrease, and the income level of animal producers will increase and the price of animal products may decrease. The research in Turkey, Eastern Anatolia Region and Mus Province of grassland and forage crops status, deficit and status of roughage, issues were analyzed.