A cassava starch extraction machine was designed and fabricated to perform a quadruplet action of grating, washing, sieving and separation. The study was necessitated based on concerns that most locally manufactured cassava processing machines are without provision for the extraction of starch. Food processors mainly depend on the manual pressing of cassava to obtain starch and this has significantly increased the cost of the product in the local market. Materials for construction were locally sourced and the machine was powered by a 2 hp electric motor through a v-belt-pulley transmission system and operating at a speed of 547 rpm. Fresh cassava tubers were harvested from Ikot Akpaden, a rural community in Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom, South-South of Nigeria, and used for the experiment. Results from the experiment showed that the quantity of wet starch extracted increased from 0.64 to 1.48 kg as the volume of water mixed with 2 kg of the product increased from 1 to 5 Liters. The rate of water usage and throughput capacity increased from 0.0005 to 0.0025 m3/kg and 35.29 to 46.75 kg/h respectively as volume of water increased. The optimum machine efficiency was 74%. The machine was fabricated at a cost of N 150,200 (equivalent of $100). Minimal time consumption, ease of operation and low production cost were some of the features that made the machine economically viable when compared to other conventional methods of extracting starch from cassava.

Turkey has vast agricultural lands and diverse climatic conditions, and different plant species can be cultivated. Especially, Konya province, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is an important agricultural centre in Turkey. Konya province, which has a polyculture production pattern, stands out in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants due to its favourable climatic conditions and soil structure. In Turkey, 26.33% of cumin, which is among the medicinal and aromatic plants, is produced in Konya province. This study aims to determine the factors affecting cumin production. For this purpose, 65 cumin producers determined by proportional sampling method were interviewed. The data obtained through these interviews were analysed by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weights of the criteria affecting the cumin production decision of the agricultural enterprises. In the process of determining the criteria influencing the cumin production decision, the opinions of subject experts working in universities, public institutions and organizations and producers were taken. Among the criteria determined as yield, price, labour requirement, water requirement, ease of marketing, mechanisation, input costs, cultivation knowledge, soil structure and subsidies, the most important criterion was found to be price with 28.11%. Price criterion is followed by input cost 22.57%, water requirement 12.13%,  yield 8.71%, cultivation knowledge 8.43%, subsidies 6.82%, ease of marketing 4.74%, soil structure 3.63%, mechanisation 2.54% and labour requirement 2.25%. It is thought that the solution of the mechanisation problem will make a significant contribution to cumin production as it will reduce the need for labour force.

In this study, some agro-food processing by-products were evaluated as novel food ingredients, that meet the consumer's demand for natural ingredients, and their contributions to chicken-type sausage production were examined. Sausages were formulated with 3% quince waste (QS3), 3% grapefruit waste (GS3), 2% tomato waste (TS2), and 3% tomato waste (TS3). Other ingredients were fresh breast chicken meat, beef tallow, spice mix, ice, NaCl, and NaNO2. Proximate composition and sensory analyses were conducted before the storage. Water activity, pH, TBARS, purge accumulation, and microbiological analyses were performed during the storage. QS3, TS2, and TS3 treatments got appreciated (7.0-7.4 out of 10) sensory scores, while GS3 scored low acceptability (4.0 out of 10) points. Adding food waste significantly reduced purge accumulation; the average purge accumulation of the control sample was 3.70% which is approximately two times higher than food waste added samples. The average TBARS value of the control sample was determined as 0.31 mg MA/kg, and the food waste-added samples were found between 0.57-0.65 mg MA/kg during storage. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast-mold load were higher in TS2 and TS3 products; microbial load and TBARS values of food waste affected the product quality. Also, water activity, microbial growth, and purge accumulation amount affected each other during storage.

Implementing the right strategies in the agricultural supply chain in the supply of seeds, pesticides, fertilizer, energy, fuel and agricultural mechanization tools and equipment has a great role in increasing agricultural productivity. The main purpose of the study is to rank and evaluate alternatives in choosing a sustainable fertilizer supplier in the agricultural supply chain by using AHP-F and ARAS-F techniques. In an environment of uncertainty and complex supply chain structure, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are widely used to solve supplier selection problems. In this study, the importance levels and weights of the criteria in the selection of sustainable fertilizer suppliers were measured by the AHP-F method. The criteria that are important for fertilizer supplier selection were evaluated by taking expert opinions, the uncertain and uncertain opinions of the decision makers were modeled with the AHP-F approach and the weights of the criteria were determined. Among the criteria, resource consumption (FSC05) has the highest weight. Then, alternative rankings were obtained with the ARAS-F method. Fertilizer supplier alternatives in the agricultural supply chain were ranked with the ARAS-F method, using the criterion weights found with AHP-F. In the ranking of alternatives, alternative fertilizer supplier FS03 ranked first with the highest value. This study provides a resource for businesses and other stakeholders to make decisions regarding sustainable fertilizer supplier selection.

Hemp plants are notable for their climate resilience, and hempseed meal (HSM) is a potential high-protein feed for poultry. However, HSM has high levels of the antinutritional factor phytic acid (PA). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat and soaking treatments on the protein and PA content of HSM. HSM was obtained through cold pressing of whole hempseed and then subjected to heat treatment at 70°C for 24 hours. Soaking treatments involved water, water-vinegar mix, and vinegar for 1, 7, and 24 hours, followed by drying and analysis of PA and protein content. Results indicated that heating increased PA content without affecting protein levels. Soaking duration did not significantly alter protein content but did affect PA levels, with 24-hour soaking significantly increasing PA compared to 1-hour and 7-hour durations. The soaking material also influenced PA content: water soaking increased PA, while a 1-hour vinegar-water mix and 7-hour vinegar soaking significantly reduced PA. The highest PA concentration occurred with 24-hour water soaking. The protein content was highest with 7-hour vinegar soaking. In conclusion, acidic soaking solutions, particularly vinegar and vinegar-water mix, effectively reduced PA in HSM without protein loss.

Animal manure pollution constitutes a significant environmental issue, particularly in areas with intensive livestock activities. Manure, due to its various pollution loads such as nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and pathogens, can have adverse effects on soil, water resources, and air quality. Among manure management practices, sustainable methods such as composting, biogas production, and advanced treatment techniques stand out. These methods offer effective solutions for reducing the environmental impact of manure, while also holding the potential to be valued as valuable resources for agriculture and energy production. The growth in the global population along with urbanization has intensified the demand in commerce, industry, and agriculture sectors. This need to satisfy the supply-demand dynamics has led to increased production activities, subsequently giving rise to significant waste management challenges. This review examines the environmental impacts of pollution originating from animal manure, current management strategies, and research developments (R&D) in this field.

The development of high-yielding modern wheat varieties to feed the growing population has had a negative impact on the production of ancestral and landrace crops. The use of modern varieties, which are very deficient in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and flavonoids, has caused people to turn to old varieties due to health problems that arise over time. In this study, which aimed to determine the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity of registered varieties and landraces, the differences between the protein values and GST enzyme activity values of wheat were found to be statistically significant. When protein values were analysed among wheat varieties, einkorn wheat had the highest value with 15.53 mg/ml, and KUNDURU-1149 had the second highest value with 13.52 mg/ml. The lowest protein values were found in wheat landraces. Lr-4 had the highest GST enzyme activity with 299.7 mmol/min/mg protein and Lr-10 with 265.3 mmol/min/mg protein. A negative and high correlation was found between wheat protein values and GST enzyme activity, and it was determined that landraces were prominent in terms of GST enzyme activity.

Çanakkale Ezine İlçesine bağlı olan Geyikli beldesi Çanakkale’nin batısında bulunmaktadır. Yörede, doğadan toplanarak tüketilen pek çok bitkiden birisi olan Deniz Börülcesi (Salicornia europaea); Türkiye’de farklı bölgelerde de toplanıp sebze olarak kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de aktif olarak kültüre alınmamış olmakla birlikte bazı bilimsel denemelerde yer almıştır ve önemli bir halofittir. Deniz börülcesi pek çok besleyici özelliği olduğuna inanıldığından dolayı sık olarak tüketilmekte ve ticarete konu olmaktadır. Bu bitkinin yöreden toplanıp önemli özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi bölgenin tarımsal anlamda gelişimi ve bitki ile yapılabilecek diğer tarımsal çalışmalara yol göstermesi açılarından önemli bir konudur. Çalışmanın amacı Çanakkale Ezine İlçesi, Geyikli beldesinde doğal ortamından toplanan S. europaea bitkisini askorbik asit, toplam karotenoid, suda çözünen kuru madde, pH, titre edilebilir asitlik parametreleri ve luteolin, apigenin, naringin, kateşin flavonoidleri açısından incelemektir. Böylece bölge tarımına katkıda bulunmak ve bu bitki ile yapılabilecek çeşitli çalışmalara yol göstermektir. Çalışma sonucunda değerlendirilen S. europaea popülasyonunun flavonoid içeriklerinin çoktan aza sırasıyla apigenin (649,461 mg/kg), naringin (117,51 mg/kg), kateşin (13,574 mg/kg) ve luteolin (0,984 mg/kg) olarak sıralandığı belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra yüksek bir suda çözünen kuru madde (°Briks) içeriğine (%11,7) sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada çekirdekli ve çekirdeksiz nar taneleri (Punica granatum L.) ince tabaka halinde farklı sürelerde ultrason ön işlemi (US) uygulandıktan sonra 70 °C’de 1,3 m/s hava hızında kurutulmuştur. Nar tanelerinin kuruma kinetiğinin incelenmesi amacıyla literatürde çok kullanılan ancak karmaşık ve verilerin dönüştürülmesini gerektiren çok parametreli modeller yerine en çok iki parametreli modeller kullanılmıştır. Bu modeller Lewis (Newton), Page, Modifiye Page I, Weibull, Weibull I ve Modifiye Çift Terimli III modelleridir. Kurutma işlemlerini en iyi açıklayan modelin seçilmesi amacıyla hata kareleri ortalamasının kare kökü (RMSE) ve belirleme katsayısı (R2) değerleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre çekirdekli nar tanelerinin kurutulmasını tüm işlem koşullarında en iyi Page modelinin açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Çekirdeksiz nar tanelerinde ön işlemsiz ve 10 dakika US ön işlemli nar tanelerinin kurutulmasını en iyi açıklayan modelin Page modeli, 20 ve 30 dakika US ön işlemli nar tanelerinin kurutulmasını en iyi açıklayan modelin ise Weibull modeli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, kurutma öncesinde uygulanan farklı sürelerdeki US ön işlemlerinin çekirdekli ve çekirdeksiz nar tanelerinin kuruma sürelerini önemli ölçüde azalttığı belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, Erzurum ili Aşkale İlçesindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde hayvan sağlığı uygulamaları ve sığır yetiştiricilerinin hayvan refahı konusunda görüşleri hakkında bilgi elde etmek üzere yürütülmüştür.  Çalışmanın materyalini 221 işletmeci ile yüz yüze yapılan anketlerden elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, yetiştiricilerin %79,8’nin gebe ineklere septisemi aşısı yaptırmadığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, işletmelerin sadece %20,7’sinin veterinerlik hizmetlerinden yararlandığı tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin %68,6’sında ecza dolabı ve ilkyardım kitleri bulunduğu ve en yüksek oranda bu ekipmanlara sahip işletmelerin 41-50 baş hayvana sahip işletmeler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yıllık sağlık harcamaları bakımından işletmelerin yarıdan fazlası 1000-5000 ₺ harcamada bulundukları ve 31-40 baş hayvana sahip işletmelerde bu harcamaların en fazla (%46,7) olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, işletmelerin %44,6’sının yeme vitamin-mineral-tuz takviyesi yaptığı ve söz konusu işletmelerinde vitamin takviyesinin daha yüksek oranda (%66,7) yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, hayvanlar üzerindeki sıcak ve soğuk stresi gidermek amacıyla genellikle sıcak havalarda su ile serinletme (%92,2) yapıldığı, soğuk havalardan korunmak için ise ahır izolasyonuna (%84,2) önem verdikleri saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, Yetiştiricilerin %95,0’i hayvan refahının gerekliliğini belirtmiş ve hayvan refahında en önemli unsurun ise genellikle hayvanlar için stressiz bir ortamın oluşturulması (%59,4) olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Yetiştiricilerin çoğunluğu işletmelerinde hayvan refahını sağladıklarını (%78,1) ve hayvanlarının gayet sağlıklı olduğunu (%89,5) bildirmişlerdir.