Nitrogen fixation resulting from mutual symbiosis of rhizobia and cultivated legume plants is therefore critical to food security as it directly affects agricultural production. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) can be an important factor in sustainable agriculture.The isolation and identification of different slow growing and fast growing rhizobial strains from the nodules of two leguminous plant species. Symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobium spp. was isolated from (Lablab purpureus and Vigna sinensis). Nodules samples were collected from plants growing in different Districts of Bangladesh and the Glucose-Peptone Agar (GPA), Congo red, Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) containing 2% NaCl were employed to make presumptive decisions on the recognition and classification of the isolated bacterial strains. All the isolates were found with poor absorption of dye Congo red and little or no growth on the media of GPA and without altering the pH. Almost all of the isolates exhibit growth on 2% NaCl, poor growth on GPA, thus confirming the rhizobia. After biochemical tests like catalase test and citrate utilization test isolates were confirmed as Rhizobia. The presence of rhizobia on root nodules of leguminous Plant. Not only the leguminous Plant but also the rhizosphere contains rhizobia which help in soil fertilization.

Investigate the changes that occur in the placenta tissues of pregnant rats that were administered acrylamide (AA) and vitamin E as a protective agent during pregnancy.Thirty rats that were proven positive for pregnancy with vaginal smear test were randomly distributed into control, corn oil, vitamin E, acrylamide and vitamin E + acrylamide groups. Pregnant rats were decapitated on the 20th day of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS) and Xanthine oxidase (XO) levels were measured in placenta tissues. It was determined that acrylamide application during pregnancy statistically significantly increased MDA, TOS and XO levels and reduced GSH and TAS levels in the placenta tissue of pregnant rats when compared to all other groups, and GAS and TAS levels statistically significantly increased in vitamin E administered group when compared to all other groups and TOS and XO levels were decreased to control group levels. It was observed that orally administered AA changed the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium favoring the oxidants by increasing MDA, XO and TOS levels in pregnant rats and caused oxidative stress, while vitamin E administration returned the antioxidant / oxidant equilibrium back to normal levels, preventing oxidative stress induced toxicity.

Most data of fish feeding on cnidarians were obtained from the studies on gut contents of the predators rather than in situ observations. The feeding observation of Boops boops on Geryonia proboscidalis was observed in September 2013, in Sığacık Bay, the Aegean Sea, Turkey. The four bogue specimen was approximately 10-12 cm in total length (TL), and two out of six tentacles and tip of oral arm of G. proboscidalis was extirpated before the incidence. B. boops individuals directly attacked the intact tentacles of the hydrozoan, and extirpated rest of them in a minute. The present observation is also the northernmost record of G. proboscidalis from the Turkish coasts.

Turkey has almost 70% of world hazelnut production and 80% of hazelnut export. Ordu has the privilege of being the city which has the greatest area with hazelnut by supplying the 33.7% of hazelnut production. The income source of 70% of the people in Ordu is hazelnut and for this city, hazelnut is not only an agricultural product, it is also a national asset. There are 40 hazelnut processing plants with an internal capacity of 350.000 tons annually. 32.5% of these plants are in Ordu. When the top 20 Black Sea Hazelnut and Products Exporters Union member firms with the highest hazelnut export in 2016 were analyzed, it was found that 7 of these firms are in Ordu. These 7 firms in Ordu cover the 11.84% of the total hazelnut export value, which is 1.981.334.911$ for 2016. The purpose of this study which will be discussed within this context is to analyze and show the current states of hazelnut processing plants in Ordu in terms of product processing, quality assurance and standards and marketing. The data obtained as a result of the study will be used to find out the tendencies of the plants in the coming years. Because of this, the study is important in terms of researching the obstacles in increasing the export shares of hazelnut, which is one of the most important export products of Turkey economy. For this purpose, a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted with the managers and authorities of 12 hazelnut processing plants in Ordu. It is expected that the information presented within the context of the study will develop the hazelnut processing industry and will lead the related people researching in this field.

This research was completed in 2014, in an attempt to determine the problems and solutions of the irrigation unions and their members who operate in the city of Hatay. The research involves 6 out of 8 irrigation unions located in Hatay. The data was gathered by face to face surveys conducted with 6 union managers and 173 union members. Logistics Regression analysis, which is a multivariate analysis technic was used in the analysis of the variables. It was concluded that 65% of the producers are satisfied, and 35% of them are unsatisfied with the irrigation union. The estimate parameters revealed that the irrigation price at low and normal level were the most effective variables. In accordance with the data, evaluated for the managerial staff in the permanent status, showed that the lack of the efficient and subject expert personnel is one of the most important issues directly interfering with the provided service. The delays occurring in the collection of the price of the irrigation water disrupts the maintenance services needed while operating the facilities. The unions need public assistance to cover the personnel expenses, large maintenance processes, and development of the facilities.

Antibiotic resistance is being constantly developed worldwide. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis. Bioactive compound of medicinal plants shows anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic and anti-oxidant effects. The anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities of Liquidambar orientalis (L. orientalis) extracts on subclinical mastitis causing bacteria in cows have not been reported to date. The aim of the present study was to examine anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects of L. orientalis leaf extracts on S. aureus and CNS isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis symptoms. In this study, 3.2 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extracts of L. orientalis has shown to be a most potent anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant for all isolated bacterial species from mastitis cows. In this study, it was investigated anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of the L. orientalis. The acetone extract showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus numbered 17 (12 mm). In addition to anti-bacterial properties, anti-oxidant activity of L. orientalis extract was examined by ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical assay. Trolox was used as a positive control anti-oxidant. Ethanol extract exhibited a strong anti-oxidant activity like Trolox anti-oxidant which was effective at 2.58 mM concentration. Bioactive compounds of sweet gum may be useful to screening mastitis causing bacteria for clinical applications.

Bu çalışma, farklı maltlık arpa çeşitlerinin besin değerlerinin in vitro gaz üretim tekniği kullanılarak tespit edilmesi ve in vitro metan gazı üretimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 3 farklı maltlık arpa çeşidi Durusu, Atılır ve Fırat kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, maltlık arpa çeşitleri arasında kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK), ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), hemiselüloz (HES) ve nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM) içerikleri istatistiki açıdan önemli bulunmuş fakat ADF (asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif) ise istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Maltlık arpa çeşitlerinin gaz üretim miktarları 64,00 ile 72,50 ml/200 mg KM arasında değişmiştir. Metabolik enerji (ME) ve net enerji laktasyon (NEL) içerikleri ise sırasıyla 11,75-12,86 MJ/kg KM ve 7,16-7,98 MJ/kg KM arasında saptanmıştır. En yüksek metan (CH4) gazı üretimi 13,34 ml/200 mg KM ile Fırat çeşidinden elde edilirken; en düşük değer ise 12,16 ml/200 mg ile Atılır çeşidinden elde edilmiştir.

Dünyada artan nüfusun sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenmesi amacıyla tarımsal üretimde konvansiyonel üretim biçimi yaygın olarak yapılmaktadır. Ancak bitkisel ve hayvansal üretimde verimi artırmak ve hastalıklarla mücadele etmek amacıyla kullanılan kimyasal maddeler su ve toprağa geçerek insan ve hayvan sağlığını etkilemektedir. Günümüzde Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkeleri, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Japonya, Kanada ve Avustralya gibi gelişmiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere dünyadaki tüketiciler çevreye zarar vermeyen, insan ve hayvanlar üzerinde olumsuz etki yapmayan tarım ürünleri tüketim yönünde taleplerde bulunmaktadırlar. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği hem ülkemizde hem de dünyada organik hayvansal et ve süt üretiminde tüketicilerin taleplerini karşılamada önemli rol almaktadır. Dünyada 2012 yılında organik sertifikalı sığır, koyun ve domuz sayısı sırasıyla; 4,6, 5,6 ve 1,0 milyon baştır. Avrupa Birliği (AB)’inde bulunan 28 ülkenin 2015 yılında organik sertifikalı sığır, domuz, koyun, keçi ve tavuk sayısı sırasıyla; 3,7, 0,978, 4,5, 0,718 ve 31,6 milyon baştır. Türkiye’de organik hayvancılıkta en önemli oransal artış keçi yetiştiriciliğinde gerçekleşmiş (%652,1), bunu sırasıyla kanatlı (%187,7) ve koyun (%22,3) yetiştiriciliği izlemiştir. Türkiye’de 2015 yılında üretilen organik süt üretiminin %2,6 koyundan ve %6,3’ü keçilerden, organik kırmızı et üretimini ise %38,2 koyundan ve %1,6 keçiden sağlanmaktadır.

Önemli miktarda enerji ve ham madde tüketimine neden olan portland çimentosu CO2 emisyonunun yaklaşık %7’sinden sorumludur. Çimento üretiminden kaynaklı CO2 salınımı azaltılmasında farklı yöntemlerin araştırılması ya da CO2 salınımı daha az olan bir bağlayıcı kullanılarak çimentoya alternatif malzeme kullanılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Jeopolimer malzeme ise, beton üretiminde kullanılan portland çimentosunun (PÇ) aksine CO2 salınımı oldukça az, tuzlara ve asitlere dayanımı yüksek, sıcaklık ve ateşe dayanımı yüksek olması gibi birçok farklı özelliği sayesinde çimentoya alternatif malzeme olarak kullanım potansiyeli olan ve araştırılan bir malzemedir. Çalışma kapsamında hayvan barınaklarında jeopolimer betonun etkileri araştırılması amacıyla jeopolimer malzemenin alkali aktivatörü olarak yüksek fırın cürufunun (YFC) %20’si oranında seramik tozu (ST), sodyum silikat (Na2SiO4) ile sodyum hidrosit (NaOH) %60 – 40 oranında aktivasyon çözeltisi ile kalsit agregası kullanılarak numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Boyutları 4×4×16 cm numunelerde eğilme ve basınç dayanımları ile 25×25×285 mm numuneler üzerinde de büzülme oranları belirlenmiştir. Jeopolimer betonların hayvan barınaklarındaki durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla numuneler %10’luk sülfirik asit (H2SO4) ve sülfat (SO4) solüsyonunda bekletilmiş ve numuneler 28, 56 ve 90. günlerdeki dayanımları karşılaştırılmıştır. Jeopolimer betonun hayvan barınaklarında kullanılmasının avantajlar sağlayabileceği görülmüştür.

The difficulty of sex determination in most poultry species causes significant financial losses for poultry production as birds cannot be separated at early stages of growth for meat or egg production. Therefore it is important to determine bird’s sex with zoometric parameters. This study was carried out to determine the sex of Japanese quails with zoometric measurements, such as live weight, body length, chest depth and chest width. Eighty-eight male and female Japanese quail chicks were used individually for live weight, chest depth (mm), chest width (mm) and body length (mm) with using digital scaled balance and caliper for every week over a period of six weeks. The weekly collected data were applied to t test for estimating the sex discrimination. The Pearson’s correlation was applied for examining the interrelationship between sex and biometric traits. The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between live weight and body length beginning with the 2nd week. Therefore, zoometric measurement of these body traits is suitable for discriminating the sex of Japanese quails in early phase of life.