In this study, the separation of lactic acid from aqueous solutions using trioctylamine (TOA) reactant and environmentally friendly solvents such as sunflower and rice bran oil was investigated, and it was aimed to contribute to the separation of lactic acid by reactive extraction. It is aimed to determine the most suitable reactant / solvent ratios with reactive extraction analyzes. As a result of the studies, the highest efficiency (72,91%) was achieved with the TOA reactant. An increase in yield occurred as a result of using both sunflower oil and rice bran oil (1:1) together. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the addition of TOA to the organic phase increases the extraction efficiency in the recovery of carboxylic acids from aqueous solutions. While the physical extraction yield was 11.85%, the yield increased up to 72,91% in reactive extraction. An increase in yield was observed about 7 times. As a result of the data obtained, it was understood that with the increase in the extractant concentration, the dispersion coefficient (from 0,13 to 2,69) increased, and the loading factor (from 1,79 to 0,69) values decreased. When the organic phase mixtures formed with the extractant and diluent combinations were examined, it was determined that the best results in terms of extraction efficiency were obtained when 3,62 M TOA for lactic acid was used.

Wheat, which is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the world, has great importance in terms of economy. Wheat is one of the basic food sources of human beings, is one of the first cultivated plants. In order to meet the nutritional needs in parallel with the increasing human population, agricultural production needs to be increased. Fertilization is the most important factor in increasing the yield. Innovations in fertilizer technology and improvement of use efficiency are of great importance. In this study, different doses of mineral (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da DAP and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da AS) and organomineral fertilizers (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da 20: 20: 0 and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da 25: 0: 0) were applied with or without microbial encapsulation to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (Rumeli cv.) in pots. Some of macro and micro plant nutrients were analysed in three different harvest periods from seed sowing to compare the fertility of the applied fertilizers. According to the results of the research, all applications showed significant differences in terms of all examined parameters. Organomineral fertilizers were found to be more effective than mineral fertilizers. It has been observed that microbial encapsulation is effective at varying levels according to changing fertilizer type and dosage.

Biyoetanol kaynaklarından biri olan tatlı sorgum son yıllarda önemi giderek artmaktadır. İçerdiği yüksek orandaki şeker nedeni ile biyoetanol üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2013 ve 2014 yılları arasında, Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü’nün deneme tarlalarında, iki faktörlü tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede farklı azot (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha) ve potasyum (0, 50, 100, 150 kg K2O/ha) seviyelerinin tatlı sorgumda etanol verimi üzerine etkilerini araştırılmıştır. Azotlu gübreler iki eşit dozda uygulanırken, potasyum tek seferde ekimle beraber toprağa karıştırılarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, sap ve özsu verimi, şeker oranı ve teorik etanol verimi gibi özellikler test edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, azot ve potasyum uygulamaların tüm özellikler üzerinde önemli etkilerinin bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Yüksek N ve K uygulamaları, kontrol uygulamasına göre etanol verimini yükseltmiştir. N150-K100 kombinasyonu Akdeniz ekolojik koşullarındaki İzmir’de, tatlı sorgumun etanol verimini yükselten en iyi gübre seviyesi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

This study was conducted to determine the annual energy use and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of individual deep well irrigation enterprise. That study was conducted at deep well farm belonging to one farmer with volunteer preforming farming activities in Konya-Meram-Çarıklar location for the growing season of 2021. In that regard, the activities using alfalfa and dry bean production, and total production inputs with their amounts as well as crop yields were determined separately. By considering unit energy equivalent values and GHG emission factors of each input, annual energy consumption and GHG emission values were calculated. Similarly, by examining energy content and crop yield in accordance of crop production unit (kg), annual produced energy amount was calculated. The evaluation was made using energy used and energy produced as well as GHG emission values indicators at individual deep well irrigation farm. According to the results obtained, annual energy use and energy production were calculated 253035 mega-joule (MJ), and 487960 MJ, respectively for individual well irrigation farm. The electricity used during the irrigation processes resulted around 71% of annual energy consumption. The annual GHG emission amount as an equivalent to the carbon dioxide (CO2eqv) for research farm with GWI was determined as 18575 kg (18575 kgCO2eqv year-1). Almost 52% of annual GHG emission was resulted from electricity used in irrigation.

This study was conducted to determine the fertility potential of the agricultural soils of Ağrı/Eleşkirt region and the levels of basic plant nutrients. Texture classes of soil samples of the research area was; loam, clay loam and sandy clay timbre, 55% loam, 40% clay timbre and 5% sandy clay. The pH of the soils varies between 6.50-7.57, with an average of 7.14 neutral and CEC values between 17.3-29.5 cmol/kg. Lime content is 3.95-12.10%, mean of 7.11%; 30% are limy and 70% are medium limy, organic matter contents are 1.20-2.59%, average of 2%, 45% organic matter is considered low and 55% is medium. Their EC was between 0.14 and 0.43 dS/m, with an average of 0.21 dS/m; there is no salinity problem in the soils. Total N contents were 0.03-0.10%; 15% is very little, 65% is insufficient and 20% is sufficient, plant-friendly P, between 5.67-11.7 mg/kg; 20% is insufficient and 80% is sufficient; K content was 1.09-1.77 cmol/kg, an average of 1.45 cmol/kg is sufficient and excessive. The interchangeable Ca 7.90-9.90 cmol/kg is sufficient, with an average of 8.82 cmol/kg. Changeable Na, 0.87-1.56 cmol/kg, average 1.20 cmol/kg, normal level; plant Fe is sufficient in 12 of the 2.78 mg/kg to 6.90 mg/kg, 60% of the soils are sufficient and 40% are insufficient; Cu, available zinc (Zn) contents 0.29 to 0.78 mg/kg; 10% are sufficient and 90% have insufficient available Zn content; the available Mn level was insufficient in all soil samples. As a result, it was determined that at least half of the research area soils are in dire need of increasing the organic matter content, nitrogen fertilizer, partially phosphorus fertilizer and especially microelement fertilizers such as Zn and Mn. Therefore, it is recommended to eliminate the deficiencies with macro and micro elements in leaf or organo-mineral (micro-element-containing) fertilizers in light of economic and ecological planning by conducting correlation and calibration studies with plant response.

Bu çalışma, rasyona farklı seviyelerde (%0, 5, 10 ve 20) aspir tohumu küspesi içeren rasyonlara 0 ve 1000 mg/kg seviyesinde enzim ilavesinin yumurtlayan Japon bıldırcınlarında performans, yumurta kalitesi ve serum parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada 8 haftalık yaşta 160 adet dişi Japon bıldırcını (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) kullanılmıştır. Farklı seviyelerde aspir tohumu küspesi içeren rasyonlara enzim ilavesinin oluşturduğu 8 muamele grubunda her birinde 4 adet Japon bıldırcının bulunduğu bıldırcın kafesinde 5 tekerrürlü olarak 84 gün süreyle yürütülmüştür. Yumurtlayan bıldırcınlarda farklı seviyelerde aspir tohumu küspesi içeren rasyonlara enzim ilavesinin deneme sonu canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık değişimi, yumurta verimi ve yem değerlendirme katsayısı üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Yem tüketimi rasyona enzim ilavesinden etkilenmez iken, %20 seviyesinde aspir küspesi içeren grupta yem tüketimi %5 seviyesinde aspir küspesi içeren gruptan önemli seviyede yüksek, diğer gruplarla benzer olmuştur. Yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta kabuk kırılma direnci muamelelerden önemli seviyede etkilenmemiştir. Yumurta kitlesi ve kabuk kalınlığına rasyon aspir küspesi seviyelerinin etkisi önemli olurken, yumurta kabuk oranına enzim ilavesinin etkisi önemli olmuştur. Muamelelerin ak indeksi, sarı indeksi ve Haugh birimine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Yumurta sarısı renk özelliklerinde a* ve b* değeri muamelelerden önemli seviyede etkilenmez iken, rasyona enzim ilavesiyle L* değerinde önemli seviyede düşüş görülmüştür. Serum glukoz, kolesterol, AST, ALT, kalsiyum ve fosfor konsantrasyonlarına muamelelerin etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Deneme sonuçlarına göre yumurtlayan bıldırcın rasyonlarında enzim ilavesine gerek olmadan %20 seviyesinde aspir küspesi kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.

Bu çalışmada TR22 Bölgesi’nde 2017-18 üretim yılında bölgedeki yağlık zeytin üreten, işleyen ve aracı işletmeler incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda araştırma bölgesinde yağlık dane zeytin ve zeytinyağında yağhaneler, zeytinyağı fabrikaları, tüccarlar, perakendeciler, TARİŞ ve nihai tüketiciler pazarlama kanallarını oluşturduğu bulunmuştur. Yağlık dane zeytinin hasat sonrası işleme merkezlerinde yığılmalar sonucunda beklemesi, yağlık dane zeytin nakliyesinde çuval kullanımı, dip zeytinlerin dalından koparılanlarla karıştırılması ve hasatta sırık kullanımının etkinliği azaltan faktörler olarak bulunmuştur. Zeytin hamuru sıcaklığının optimum seviyenin üzerine çıkarılması, malaksör makinesinin kapağının yoğurma sırasında açılması ve üç fazlı ve klasik sistemlerin kullanılması sonucu karasu sorununun ortaya çıkmasının işleme hizmetinde pazarlama etkinliğini azaltan faktörler olduğu bulunmuştur. Aracıların yağlık dane zeytinde pazarlama marjı %1,64, zeytinyağında tüccarların %20,00, fabrikaların %14,06 ve perakendecilerin %22,58 marjı olduğu bulunmuştur. Perakende fiyatları içinde üretici fiyatlarının farkı ise zeytinyağında %51,16 olarak bulunmuştur.

Difficulties in adventitious root formation in blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.) cuttings create a disadvantage for producers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different growth regulator applications on the rooting ability of blackberry hardwood cuttings in order to avoid this problem. The experiment was carried out in the polycarbonate greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Research and Application Center In the experiment, in addition to the control (pure water) group, Indole-3-Butyric Acid (3000 ppm IBA) and different doses of paclobultrazole (500 ppm PBZ1, 1000 ppm PBZ2, 1500 ppm PBZ3) were applied to hardwood cuttings separately and in combination. After the application, the cuttings were planted in perlite medium and left to root for 90 days. At the end of this period, in the cuttings removed; rooting rate, callus formation rate, root number, root length and root diameter parameters were examined. As a result of the study, the highest rooting rate was obtained from the IBA applied cuttings (%42.22), followed by the PBZ1 applied cuttings closest (%33.33). In addition, it was determined that PBZ applications had positive effects on root diameter compared to the control group. The results obtained are important in terms of contributing to the literature and benefiting the enterprises

In this study, it was aimed to reveal some viruses that are a problem in tomato production areas in the Ereğli district of Konya, where tomato production is common. For this reason, in the 2019 production season, leaf samples were taken from 160 tomato plants showing symptoms similar to virus disease symptoms such as mosaic, deformations, yellowing, blight on the leaves and stunted plants. Possible infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted-wilt virus (TSWV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) on these leaves were tested by serological-based DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) method. According to DAS-ELISA results, it was determined that 66.25% of the samples were infected with at least one of these three viruses. In addition, TSWV was detected as the most common virus with a 48.75% relative infection rate in the samples, followed by ToMV (28.75%) and CMV (26.25%). Mixed infections of the viruses were also detected in the leaf samples tested. CMV + TSWV double infection was detected in 22 samples, ToMV + TSWV double infection was detected in 14 samples, and CMV + ToMV + TSWV triple infection was detected in 12 plant samples.

Leonardite and compost are used as soil conditioner materials. Gyttja is a material which contains 30-40% lime and 40-50% organic matter with a reserve of approximately 4.8 billion tons in Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant basin. These materials are used in the production of organomineral (OMG) fertilizers. Zinc (Zn) is one of the micronutrients that plants need. Available Zn deficiency is observed in approximately 49% of Turkish soils. The aim of this study was to determine the Zn adsorption properties of gyttja, leonardite and compost used in OMG fertilizer production. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. In order to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, the effect of pH, particle size, temperature, shaking time and solution concentration were determined. Then, adsorption properties were determined using linear Langmuir isotherm under optimum conditions. According to Langmuir isotherm, the maximum sorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 14.10 mgg-1 for gyttja, 13.74 mgg-1 for leonardite and 15.67 mgg-1 for compost. In conclusion, Zn sorption values of gyttja, leonardite and compost were consistent with Langmuir and Freunlich isotherms. The maximum sorption capacity (qmax) of these materials is very close to each other. When these data are taken into consideration, it is seen that 1 kg of organic material can sorbed about 15 g Zn. It is useful to take these basic data into account in OMG fertilizer production and sustainable Zn fertilization.