Bu araştırmada Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının karşılaştıkları sorunlar ele alınmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Samsun ilinde görev yapan 51 tarım danışmanı ile anket yapılarak, ele alınan tarım danışmanlarına ait bilgiler ve yaşadıkları sorunlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları, Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının genç, eğitimli ve iletişim becerilerine önem veren bir grup olduğunu ve düzenli olarak kendilerini geliştirdiklerini göstermektedir. Araştırma aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının yaşadıkları sorunları da ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sorunlar arasında tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin yeterince kurumsallaşmamış olması, hukuki düzenlemelerin eksikliği ve görev-yetki belirsizlikleri gibi önemli konular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca çiftçilerin danışmanlık hizmetlerine olan talebinin düşük olması ve kamu kuruluşları arasındaki koordinasyon eksiklikleri de sektörün sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tarım danışmanları için düzenli hizmet içi eğitim sağlanmalıdır. Tarım danışmanlarının saha çalışmalarını daha etkin bir şekilde sağlamak için teknolojik araçlardan yararlanılabilir. Tarım danışmanlarının çalışma usul ve esaslarını belirleyen yasal düzenlemeler daha açık ve net hale getirilebilir. Çiftçi bilinçlendirme çalışmaları ve aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının saha faaliyetlerini sürdürülebilmeleri için finansman kaynaklarının önceden planlanması ve güvence altına alınması önemlidir.

In this study, challenges experienced by dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda and the factors influencing their profitability were respectively analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression in STATA 15.0 statistical software. Eighteen questions relating to the challenges experienced by dairy producers in the study area were factor analyzed using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin’s measure of sampling adequacy was 0.643, above the commonly recommended value of 0.6, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (ꭓ² (153) = 1670.13, P<0.001). Using both the scree plot and eigenvalues greater than 1 to determine the underlying components, the analysis yielded five factors explaining a total of 67.42% of the variance in the data. These factors were investment constraints, productivity constraints, climatic and environmental conditions, veterinary and social security services, and marketing constraints, which explained 21.32%, 13.01%, 11.97%, 11.03%, and 10.097% of the variance after rotation, respectively. The factors hypothesized to influence the profitability of dairy enterprises were; daily milk yield per lactating cow, the prevalence rate of diseases, percentage of lactating cows to those raised on the enterprise, attendance of animal production training, the unit production cost of milk, and enterprise size according to the number of animals raised. Regression analysis results of these factors revealed that the unit production cost of milk, enterprise size, and daily milk yield per lactating cow were statistically significant. The estimated model had an R-squared value of 0.92. The recommendations emphasized in this study were reducing milk production costs, rational use of production resources, adopting improved cattle breeds, improving feeding by supplementing animal diets with concentrate feeds to increase milk yield, and general improvement in dairy herd management practices, including disease control strategies.

Lipoxygenases (LOX) gene family is a type of nonheme iron-containing dioxygenases, which has a very important aspect in plant development and fruit quality. LOX gene, which is responsible for lipid oxidation, the main role for the biosynthesis pathway of unsaturated fatty acids. Although some studies have investigated the LOX gene family in several species including arabidopsis, soybean, peanut and apple, there is no information from Pistachio; and the phylogeny of this gene family in the Pistacia genus is still not determined. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana LOX1 gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_104376.3) was selected and used as a query sequence for performing a BLASTN search. Among all sequence query which was found by NCBI platform, 9 sequences were selected for further analysis. Phylogenetic tree of full-length LOX gene sequences from the Pistacia genus was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method with MEGA software. By using phylogenic analysis, we identified variations in gene structure and revealed the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of this gene family. Additionally, this may serve as a reference value for assessing the genetic relationships among various LOX genes in Pistacia genus species. This variations provides us the possibility the design the primer to achieve us to find the exact LOX gene in Pistacia genus and future research on the evolutionary history and transgenic research on LOX genes.

This study used reports from various bodies to determine the competitiveness of some selected agricultural products between Kenya and other East African Community countries. Agriculture is an important sector in Kenya and the greater East African Community organization as it earns the country foreign exchange through exports. The sector possess considerable potential, and carrying out a competitive study would greatly inform the country’s efforts and policy making processes. The methods used were Market Share Index, Vollrath’s Relative Trade Advantage Indices, and Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. The various countries were compared using calculated indices and ranked accordingly based on their scores and market share percentages. Consequently, Kenya had a competitive advantage and dominated the international markets in tea and crude materials, whereas most East Africa Community member states had a strong comparative advantage in coffee. Generally, to stimulate the agricultural sector and diversify agricultural exports, the Kenyan government and private sector must increase high-level investments in agribusiness and transition from exporting raw materials to value-added products. Developing standard agricultural trade policies would benefit all East African Community member states, which is consistent with their goals.

Bu çalışmada, Sakarya ili ve Türkiye geneli için 2013-2022 yıllarına ait bitki koruma makineleri, traktör sayısı, tarımsal mekanizasyon seviyesindeki (kW, kW ha-1, traktör 1000 ha-1, ha traktör-1) değişim belirlenerek 2023-2032 yılları için tahmin projeksiyonu zincirleme indeks yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Sakarya ili ve Türkiye geneli için 2013-2022 yıllarına ait Türkiye İstatistik Kurumuna ait istatistik verileri çalışma verisi olarak kullanılmıştır. 2013-2022 yılları arasında Sakarya ilinin toplam işlenen alanının %3,36 azalış gösterdiği Türkiye genelinde ise toplam işlenen alanının %0,16 arttığı görülmektedir. Traktör güç gruplarına göre traktör sayılarının dağılımı incelendiğinde, Sakarya ili genelinde 2013-2022 yılları arasında 35-50 BG grubunda azalış olurken, diğer güç gruplarının tamamında artış görülmektedir. 35-50 BG grubunda azalış görülmektedir. En büyük artış >70 BG grubunda gözlenmiştir. Türkiye genelinde 2013-2022 yılları arasında 25-34 BG (-0,005) güç grubundaki traktör sayıları haricideki tüm gruplarda artış gözlenmiştir. Sakarya örneğinde olduğu gibi Türkiye genelinde de en büyük artış >70 BG (0,074) güç grubundaki traktörlerde olmuştur. Bir traktöre düşen işlenen alan (ha traktör-1) değeri Sakarya ilinde ve Türkiye genelinde sürekli bir düşüş görülürken diğer gösterge değerleri artış göstermiştir. Sakarya ilinin 2022 yılı verileri göz önüne alındığında, sırt pülverizatörü birim adedinin en fazla (9279 adet) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Türkiye geneli için de aynı durum söz konusudur. Türkiye geneli 2022 verileri incelendiğinde sırt pülverizatörü 695791 adet ile ilk sırada yer almaktadır.

Our current research aimed to investigate the impacts of the use of indigenous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different amounts of Lachancea thermotolerans yeasts in mixed culture on the general composition, aroma compounds, sensory analysis and yeast growth of cv. Emir wine. The utilization of L. thermotolerans in mixed cultures reduced the total acidity of wines from 5.40 to 5.19 g/L (as tartaric acid). The acidity of high acid grapes musts obtained from various viticulture areas can be relatively decreased in wine production. In addition, there may be a slight decrease in the amount of ethyl alcohol. On the other hand, increasing the inoculum level of L. thermotolerans led to an increase in the amount of higher alcohols. However, the concentration of esters declined with the higher inoculum levels. According to the sensory evaluation, the most preferred wine was the one obtained with co-inoculation of S. cerevisiae and L. thermotolerans strains at the level of 5×106 and 1×108 cells/mL, respectively. As a result, it can be said that the use of L. thermotolerans yeast in different inoculum levels has a positive effect on wine fermentation.

The farm is an abstract category in Economic theory for describing agents managing farming activity, while the real governing structures are farms of different juridical types – physical persons, sole traders, cooperatives, ago=companies, etc. Most of the time, farm’s competitiveness is inadequately assessed through technical and accountancy efficiency, factors’ productivity, profitability, market shares, etc. because critical governance aspects are ignored. This article incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics assumptions and principles and tries to give new insights on the real competitiveness of economic organizations in modern agriculture.  It suggests a holistic framework for assessing farm’ competitiveness taking into account economic, financial, and governance efficiency, and evaluates absolute and comparative competitiveness of governing structures of Bulgarian farming. The novel assessment system includes four pillars, four criteria, 17 particular, and 5 integral indicators. The first-in-kind evaluation, based on survey data, found that the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms is good. The competitiveness of cooperatives is highest, followed by corporations and associations, sole traders, and physical persons. Critical for competitive positions of farms are: low productivity, income, financial security, and adaptability to natural environment, where public support and farms’ management strategies should be directed. Large shares of the country’s farms have low competitiveness, and if measures are not taken to improve management, restructuring, state support, etc., many farms will cease to exist in the near future. In some cases, other characteristics of governing structures like size, specialization, market orientation, and ecological location, are critical for determining competitiveness level. The suggested and successfully tested framework for assessing the competitiveness of farms should be further improved and applied more widely and periodically in the country and internationally. The precision and representativeness of the information used should also be improved by increasing the number of surveyed farms and their important characteristics. The later requires close cooperation with producer organizations, national agricultural advisory service, and other interested parties as well as extending and improving the system for collecting agro-statistical information in the country and the EU.

Sorbitol is an important source of abiotic stress that is used to increase osmolality in cell cultures. It increases the antioxidant enzymes of defense catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the stress state of cells. Sorbitol plays an important role in stimulating these enzymes in cells and increasing phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) activity. The aim of this study was to apply increasing doses of sorbitol elicitor to cell suspension cultures to determine the changes in cell number, viability, dry weight, and camphor content. In vitro plantlets were obtained from plant seeds and stem segments of these plants were used as explant source. Cell cultures were established after callus formation. Then, 0 (control), 5, 25, and 50 g L-1 sorbitol was dissolved in distilled water and cultured. Samples were taken three times in total, starting from day 1 to day 3. The content of camphor was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cell number, viability,dry weight, and camphor content increased significantly with increasing doses of sorbitol compared to sampling times. Compared to the initial culture, the amount of camphor increased by 40% at the 5 g L-1 dose, 82% at the 25 g L-1 dose, and 154% at the 50 g L-1 dose. In A. gypsicola cell cultures, increasing doses of sorbitol have clearly demonstrated the secondary metabolite accumulation and its positive effect on cell growth.

Bu araştırmada, Adıyaman ve Gaziantep illerinde organik tarım yapan üreticilerin tarım sigortasına yaklaşımları anket yoluyla belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gaziantep ilinde 84, Adıyaman ilinde ise 79 adet organik tarım üreticisi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ortalamalar ve Khi-kare yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarım sigortası yaptırıp yaptırmama durumunu etkileyen değişkenler lojistik regresyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Her iki ilde en çok sigorta yaptırılan organik ürün antepfıstığı olup, bunu zeytin, üzüm, ceviz, badem ve nar takip etmiştir. En çok sigorta yaptıran yaş grubunun 46 yaş üzeri ve ilköğretim mezun grupları olduğu görülmüştür. Adıyaman ilindeki organik tarım yapan çiftçilerin, tarım sigortası yaptırma durumunun Gaziantep ilindeki çiftçilere oranla 0,501 kat olduğu saptanmıştır. Üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırma nedeni olarak, ürünlerinin çok zarar görmesi, geleceğe daha güvenle bakabilmek, sürekli afet riskinin olması ve sigortaya devletin destek vermesini sebep olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Tarım sigortası yaptırmayan üreticiler gerekçe olarak, sigorta maliyetinin yüksek olması, hasar ödemelerinin zamanında yapılacağına inanmamaları ve doğal afetlerden hiç zarar görmemiş olmalarını bildirmişlerdir.

Environmental awareness is increasing around the world, however, the production of eco-friendly food products has started to gain importance in order to protect nature and reduce dependence on it. In addition, due to the awareness of people, it increases the demand for healthy foods. As a result, organic farming is developing and the number of organic product farms is increasing. Organic aquaculture products have also started to take their place in this big market. Although many of the rules and standards applied in organic agriculture are similar, the rules of organic aquaculture products contain differences on the basis of species. Significant progress has been made with the organic aquaculture production standards determined by international organizations and each country. Organic aquaculture defines organic aquatic organisms that are fed with organic feeds approved by authorized organizations and grown in accordance with all organic farming standards. The main principles of organic culture; health, ecology, fairness and care. Therefore, these basic principles are adhered to when determining organic aquaculture standards. In this review, general and current information were given about the organic aquaculture and organic feeds.