Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain. Recent studies have proved the beneficial effects of GABA on human health. It has been reported that in people who use GABA supplements, the factors affecting the life quality negatively such as psychological problems, insomnia and immune problems have decreased. Studies in this field have shown that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can produce GABA. For this reason, interest in LAB producing GABA is steadily increasing. It is stated that GABA produced by natural LAB has almost no side effects compared to synthetically created ones. It is also suggested that GABA-producing LAB, which is isolated from especially in Far East countries foods, should be used to develop functional foods. More research needs to be done in order to proceed in this newly developing area, and the undiscovered features of GABA need to be investigated. In this review, the importance of GABA is addressed and the studies about GABA are examined.

South-eastern Anatolia has the largest agricultural areas and the countryside living in this region are engaged in agriculture. Loans extended to agriculture by banks are considered to contribute to regional development as a support to the sector. In this paper, the relationship between the GDP of the South-eastern region and the loans extended by the banks to the agricultural sector in this region were investigated in the period of 1988-2017. Lee-Strazicich structural break test and Dolado-Lütkepohl and Bootstrapt causality test was applied to determine the causal relationship between the variables in the analysis. Unlike the others this paper contributes to the literature as it examines the effect of agricultural loans on the development of the region and different tests are used. As a result of the study, the breaking years of the series were determined and interpreted economically. In addition, bi-directional causality relationship between regional growth and agricultural loans was determined. It can be said that agricultural loans contributed to regional development in the South-eastern Anatolia region. It can be presented as a policy proposal that increasing the loans extended to the sector in the region. The effectiveness of agricultural loans can be increased by controlling the use of loans by supervision of on-site use of.

Due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, medicinal and aromatic plants have gained importance with an increasing number of studies being conducted concerning the yield and quality characteristics of these plants. In breeding studies, selection is successful when there a correlation is established between the essential oil content, composition, and morphological and agronomic characteristics. The aim of this study was to address the correlation between the yield and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants to present a different perspective for breeding studies. Therefore, in this study, the relationship among the characteristics and the essential oil content of Izmir oregano (Origanum onites L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants were investigated, and correlation and path analyses were performed. There was a significant negative correlation between the essential oil content and fresh herb (-0.279*), dry herb (-0.281*), and dry stem yield (-0.283*) of Izmir oregano. However, no significant correlation was found between the essential oil content and these agronomic characteristics in lemon balm. Fresh herb yield had a significant positive correlation with dry herb (0.661**), dry leaf (0.690**), and dry stem yield (0.610**). Dry herb yield was significantly and positively correlated with dry leaf (0.510*) and dry stem (0.461*) yields. A significant positive correlation was also observed between dry leaf and dry stem (0.688**) yields. According to the results of the path analysis, while the maximum negative effect on the essential oil content of Izmir oregano was provided by dry herb (-48.05%) yield, the highest direct positive effect belonged to dry leaf (21.69%) and dry stem (15.13%) yields. Dry leaf yield (-51.61%) and plant height (-45.71%) were the parameters that had the highest direct negative effect on the essential oil content of lemon balm while fresh herb (33.50%) and dry herb (30.27%) yields were the source of the highest direct positive effect.

In this study, the effects of Artemia sp. nauplii and micro capsulated feed on growth performance and survival rate of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae were compared at the end of three weeks of rearing period. Length of goldfish larvae (4.82 mm) fed Artemia sp. (from 4 to 12/mL/day) were between 7.97 and 9.76 mm at the end of the trial while these values were between 6.80 and 7.21 mm for those fed microencapsulated feed (from 10 to 30 mg/L/day). On the other hand length of guppy larvae fed Artemia sp. (from 5 to 25/mL/day) were between 13.02 and 17.00 mm, whereas these values were remained between 11.98 and 12.38 mm for those fed microencapsulated feed (from 10 to 40 mg/L/day). A similar result was also observed in survival rates. Survival rate of goldfish larvae fed Artemia sp. were 88.91-97.61% in while those fed microencapsulated feed were 6.19-87.14%. On the other hand survival rate of guppy larvae fed Artemia sp. were 99.17-100.00% whereas those fed microencapsulated feed were 57.50-87.50%. Eventually, microencapsulated feed was not as successful as Artemia sp. on the growth and survival rate of larvae of both species.

Highly digestible high-lysine (HDHL) sorghum-wheat composites have previously been shown to produce better composite dough and bread compared to normal sorghum-wheat composites. This study aimed to test whether improved HDHL lines can provide further enhanced functionality through the effects of transglutaminase (TG) enzyme to improve dough rheological properties. Sorghum-wheat composite doughs were made using HDHL and normal sorghum flours at substitution levels of 10, 20, and 30%, with and without 0.15% TG. Rheological properties of dough were tested using a mechanical spectrometer at 0.05% strain amplitude (within the linear viscoelastic region) over a 0.01- 50 rad/sec frequency range. A more elastic system was observed in HDHL sorghum-wheat composites above 10% substitution levels compared to normal sorghum-wheat composite dough. Addition of TG to HDHL sorghum-wheat composites resulted in a decrease in phase angle values at all substitution level, indicating that TG increased the dough elasticity. However, TG did not change viscoelastic properties of normal sorghum-wheat composites. Bread from HDHL sorghum-wheat composites had significantly higher (P

Water kefir is a fermented probiotic beverage produced by fermentation of dried sugary fruits and sugar using water kefir grains. Sucrose is used as a sugar source in the traditional production of water kefir. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar on water kefir grains instead of sucrose. In the study, 4 groups were formed: grape molasses (10 g), honey (10 g), unrefined sugar (10 g) and refined sugar (10 g). 2 g of water kefir grain and 500 mL of drinking water were used for each group. And each group samples were fermented for 25°C 48 hours. The study continued for 5 weeks. The pH values and the titratable acidity values of water kefir samples and the weight of water kefir grains were determinated once every two day, while microbiological analyzes (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp. and yeast contents) and ethanol content of samples were determinate once every 15 days. In this study; it has been observed that the use of different sugars has no significant effect on the weights of the water kefir grains. In addition, it was determined that the Lactococcus spp. and yeast amounts in the water kefirs were higher in the samples produced by using honey and grape molasses. As a result, it was revealed that grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar could be used as fermentation substrate in production of water kefir. At the same time, water kefir can be shown as an alternative fermented product for vegan consumers with allergies to dairy products.

A study covering cherry, walnut, apple, almond and pear orchards in Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces was carried out in 2015-2018 with the aim of determination of weed flora, weed frequencies and densities. Total of 64 species belonging to 30 families were identified in fruit tree orchards. Among all the families the most members were in Asteraceae 13 species, Poaceae, 11 species, Brassicaceae 5 species and Lamiaceae 3 species families. The dominant weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Polygonum aviculare L., Capsella-bursa pastoris L. (Medik)., Concolvulus arvensis L., Lepidium draba L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Chenopodium album L., Cichorium intybus L. in Tekirdağ while Datura stramonium L. distribution in Edirne Uzunköprü and Kırklareli was remarkably high. Semi parazitic weed Viscum album and full parasite Cuscuta campestris Yunck were also detected in some orchards. V. album was widespread among pear trees while Cuscuta campestris Yunck was detected only in suckers emerged in apple and cherry orchards. According to density A. retroflexus has received the first order with 76 plant/m2, following C. album with 54 plant/m2, Lactuca serriola with 27 plant/m2, D. stramonium L. with 24 plant/m2, Portulaca oleracea with 21 plant/m2

In this article, the production and consumption values of poultry meat are discussed in order to evaluate the entrepreneurial opportunities in the poultry meat production sector. In addition, the annual import of meat and its economic value were also examined. For this purpose, INSAE, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAEP) and FAO reports were reviewed. In addition, some data from similar articles published on this subject have been used. As a result of this review, it can be said that food products and consumption patterns are changing due to the per capita income growth and the expansion of food options. In Benin, food products and consumption patterns are changing due to the growth of income and the expansion of food choice options. Therefore, per capita meat consumption increased and reached 25.2 kg in 2013. However, according to the average of the world meat consumption in 2013 (43.22 kg / person / year) this amount is very low. In general, 21% of the meat produced in Benin consists of poultry meat. National poultry breeding does not meet the rising demand for meat. The part of local production in consumption decreased significantly from 2005 to 2013 (from 21% to 6%). 98% of the total meat imported to Benin is composed by poultry meat (chicken and turkey meat). From 2010 to 2016, the average of imported poultry meat value is $216,358 million and this situation causes loss of currency. Considering the available data, investment opportunities for poultry production in Benin should be evaluated. In addition, there are significant shortcomings in the field of food safety and the provision. The development of the needs in this sector includes entrepreneurship opportunities.

Ülkemizde mısır üretimindeki artış bir yandan sürerken, bir yandan da dünyada mısırın soyadan sonra en çok genetiği değiştirilmiş ürün olması nedeniyle tüketicinin mısır ile ilgili algısı her geçen gün daha olumsuz olmaktadır. Genetiği değiştirilmiş mısırın potansiyel olumsuz etkileri tartışılmakta iken, mısırda insan sağlığı için gözden kaçmaması gereken en büyük tehdit mikotoksinlerdir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 24 ilinde bulunan 552 köyün 634 tarlasından toplanan mısır numuneleri GDO, aflatoksin B1, toplam aflatoksin, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, T-2 toksin, HT-2 toksin, zearalenon ve deoksinivalenol yönünden incelenmiştir. Tarama yapılan mısır numunelerinin hiçbirinde transgenik elemente rastlanmamıştır. Analiz edilen 634 numunenin sadece bir tanesinde Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin üzerinde aflatoksin B1 miktarına rastlanmış, numunelerin toplam aflatoksin değerleri Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin altında çıkmıştır. Paçal oluşturulan numunelerin hiçbirinde T-2 toksin, HT-2 toksin, zearalenon ve deoksinivalenol tespit edilmezken, fumonisin tespit edilen numunelerin toplam fumonisin miktarı Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin altında bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, yerli üretim mısırların gıda güvenliği açısından uygun standartları sağladığını göstermektedir.

Maize grain yield is a complicated character which depends on multiple factors. Considering this aspect, we carried out an experiment to estimate the genetic parameters and character association of thirty inbred line in maize during November 2017 to April 2018. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for a Number of kernel row per ear (NKRE), ear diameter (ED), plant height (PH), number of kernels per row (NKR). However, heritability (percentage) exhibited highest for the yield per plant (YP), thousands kernel weight (TKW), cob weight (CW), first ear height (FEH), ear length (EL). The percentage of genetic advance (GAM%) was high for YP, CW, PH, FEH, TKW. Results demonstrated that EL has a significant positive correlation with NKR (r = 0.661**). YP showed significant positive correlation with PH (r = 0.718**). While EL (r = 0.587**), NKR (r = 0.501**), NKE (r = 0.422**), and TKW (r = 0.612**) showed insignificant association with YP (0.718). YP has insignificant association with EL to NKRE (r = -0.0414) and PH to FEH (r = -0.092). Highest and positive direct effect on YP was exhibited by TKW (0.519). Considering all traits, IL-28, performed better followed by IL-9, IL-15, and IL-10. The development of hybrids genotypes, these genotypes have the chance to obtain higher heterosis with high performing crosses.