Household level vulnerability analyses are becoming main issue in economics literature. Yet very few empirical works have been done to examine the extent of Eastern Ethiopia urban (Dira Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga towns) households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. This paper tried to fill the gap by using a survey that was conducted to collect information on household’s characteristics, socioeconomic status, shocks experience and responses to shocks during the year 2016. Unlike conventional studies of household vulnerability, this study calculates household’s probability of experiencing a broad and non-monetary characterization of poverty: the multidimensional poverty index using Structural Equation and Tobit model. The Structural Equation Model result revealed that, the health and education dimensions of multidimensional poverty significantly contributed a lot to households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Based on the Tobit model result households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty would be reduced if the household is wealthier, better educated healthier, employed and has the practice of reducing the size of meals at the time of shock. Contrary to this, if the household has large family size, prone to health problem, and has not developed the culture of reducing the number of meals per day, there is high risk of vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Hence, the study recommended that there is a dire need for policies and programs that can improve wealth and education statuses of household members, create employment opportunity, promote family planning, improved health situation and accessibility of food for the vulnerable households.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Karayaka koyunlarında dönem içi gonadotropin salgılatıcı hormon (GnRH) uygulamasının kızgınlık gösterme oranı ve ovaryum aktivitesi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada en az iki doğum yapmış ve benzer vücut ağırlığına sahip 20 baş Karayaka ırkı koyun hayvan materyali olarak kullanılmıştır. Deneme başında tüm koyunlara ovaryum üzerinde mevcut olabilecek olan korpus luteum (CL)’un yıkımı için 1 ml PGF2α kas içi enjekte edilmiştir. PGF2α uygulamasından 9 gün sonra ise koyunlar rastgele iki eşit gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci gruptaki koyunlara (n=10) 40 mg flugestone asetat içeren sünger vajina içine yerleştirilmiştir ve bu uygulamadan 14 gün sonra süngerler çıkartılarak, 1 ml PGF2α kas içi enjekte edilmiştir. PGF2α enjeksiyonunu takiben 36 saat sonra 1 ml GnRH kas içi enjekte edilmiştir. İkinci gruptaki koyunlara (n=10) ise mevcut olabilecek olan korpus luteum (CL)’un yıkımı için 1 ml PGF2α kas içi enjeksiyonun dışında herhangi bir uygulama yapılmamış olup, bu grup çalışmamızın kontrol grubunu oluşturmuştur. Bu işlemleri takiben her iki gruptaki bütün koyunlar Karayaka koçuna verilmiş ve 72 saat boyunca kızgınlık gösteren koyunlar belirlenmiştir. Kızgınlık taramasının sonunda bütün koyunlar kesime sevk edilmiş ve her iki ovaryum üzerindeki küçük (1-3 mm), büyük (>3 mm) ve toplam folikül sayısı ve CL sayısı belirlenmiştir. GnRH uygulaması yapılan koyunlar (%100) kontrol grubundaki koyunlara (%70) göre daha yüksek oranda kızgınlık göstermişlerdir. GnRH uygulaması yapılan koyunların her iki ovaryumundaki küçük ve toplam folikül sayısının ve CL sayısının, kontrol grubundaki koyunlarınkinden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak büyük folikül sayısı bakımından deneme grupları arasında bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada mevsim içi dönemde Karayaka koyunlarında sünger uygulaması sonrasındaki GnRH uygulamasının kızgınlık gösterme oranını yükselttiği ve ovaryum aktivitesini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

The physical and chemical characteristics oven dried millet flour from dehulled millet soaked in different media was studied. Depigmented oven dried dehulled millet flour was produced by soaking dehulled millet in different solutions; water, 1% NaCl, 1% Na2CO3, and 1% citric acid. All samples were soaked in their respective solution for 12h, dried in the oven at 60oC for 6h then milled into flour and sieved through 710µm mesh size. The physical properties of oven dried dehulled millet; colour had L* (whiteness value), a* (redness values), and b* (yellowness values) that differed significantly ranging from 66.74 to 84.21, 0.85 to 1.43, and 6.89 to 12.69 respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum particle size distributions of samples ranged from 9.53 to 23.41µm, 29.09 to 50.15µm and 59.46 to 176.01 µm respectively. Starch granules in micrographs of oven dried depigmented millet flours were irregular, compact and polygonally shaped. Gelatinization properties of oven dried millet flour; the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), end set temperature (Te) and enthalpy varied significantly ranging from 70.15 to 97.65 o C, 79.48 to 102.31 o C, 83.30 to 104.96 o C, and 6.70 to 28.41 (J/g) respectively. Chemical properties comprising of moisture, fats, ash, protein, crude fiber, pH, total titratable acidity, pH of soak solution, phytates and tannins varied significantly ranging from 10.19 to 10.88%, 4.27 to 4.61%, 0.71 to 1.19%, 7.25 to 8.67%, 1.00 to 1.08%, 4.35 to 8.45, 0.001 to 0.084%, 3.32 to 9.93, 0.60 to 0.62, 1.84 to 6.45mg/g and 3.06 to 6.68 mg/g respectively. Depigmenting dehulled millet by soaking in 1% Na2CO3 impaired the colour of sample ODMF2 while depigmenting dehulled millet grains by soaking in 1% citric acid solution for 12 h improved colour of sample ODMF1.

Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.

This study was carried out to investigate the possibilities of making silage from fruit juice industry waste.For this purpose, orange, lemon and tangerine pulp silage quality have been determined by comparing silage with maize and beet pulp silage.Treatment groups; 1) orange, 2) tangerine, 3) lemon, 4) maize and 5) sugar beet pulp. The silages were evaluated after 2 months from ensiling in the following areas: subjective evaluation, pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract and energy values (metabolizable energy) and net energy for lactation were calculated. As a result, it was determined that fruit juice industry residues were lower in terms of dry matter, but they contained higher energy due to their high organic matter content, digestibility and low cellulose content. In addition, it was determined that citrus pulp was evaluated as silage without any contribution.

This research was done to determine the effect of increasing Humic acid application on some nutrient element contents of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) plant. For this purpose according to randomize block experimental design, an experiment was done with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Cress plant seed was sowed 1.5 g/ m2. Four humic acid doses (I. dose: 0 mL /m2, II. dose: 8 mL /m2, III. dose: 16 mL /m2 and IV. dose: 24 mL /m2) were applied to cress plant. Then cress plants were harvested 30 days after planting. Dry matter yield and some nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of plants were determined. According to the results, important increases some nutrient element contents of plants were determined with increasing humic acid applications. These increases were found 1. dose 5.52%, and 4. dose 6.04%, for N element, respectively. Other macro elements P (0.70%, and 0. 82%); K (6.85%, and 7.67%); Ca (1.72%, and 2.01%); Mg (0.13% and 0.15%) and S (1.04%, and 1.17%), respectively. Some micro element (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of cress plant, 1. dose: 89.86, 9.59, 59.50 and 56.20; 4. dose: 102.17, 11.03, 67.67 and 76.63 mgkg-1, respectively. These increases were found statistically significant at the level of 5% for each nutrient element, except Mg.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the thought of food security provided in dairy products and the determinants in terms of manufacturers in South Marmara Region in Turkey. The primary data obtained from 70 dairy manufacturers were analysed by Factor Analysis and Logistic Regression Analysis. According to this, price fluctuation and increase in the distance from the place where the milk is provided, reasons such as corporatization are factors that cause the lack of food security in dairy products. On the contrary, the likelihood of providing food security in dairy products increases with the increase in financial sustainability, food safety, quantity of milk and dairy products, the ability to produce and store, the number of employees, the degree of milk use.

This paper aims to analyze: 1) food security of urban female-headed households (FHH) in Jambi Province, Indonesia; 2) socio-economic factors affecting the food security of urban FHH in Jambi Province. Primary data is raw data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) Year 2016 in regencies/cities in Jambi Province. Food security of households is analyzed descriptively. The ordinal logistic regression model is used to analyze the socio-economic factors affecting the food security of urban FHH. The results of the study found that: 1) Of the total urban households in Jambi Province, there are 12.69 percent of FHH; 2) The proportion of urban FHH in Jambi Province that is categorized as food secure is 57,62 percent, as vulnerable is 13,33 percent, as questionable is 22,38 percent, and as food insecureis 6,67 percent; 3) Socioeconomic factors that have significant effect on food security of FHH are age, education, and employment status of female head of household, number of household members, education level of household members, and household final consumption expenditure per capita.

Benghazi, like other cities in Libya, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The uncertainty of the types of municipal solid waste (MSW) it is the challenge that, hinders chosen the best method for solid waste management. This study deals composition analysis of the city’s MSW as, sustainable waste management options. To specify types of MSW the samples collection in wet seasons and dry seasons. Number of samples collected as 40 samples per season. And to get a representative sampling, in this case employed a range of sampling techniques including stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. The samples was collected, mixed and then weighed as, kilogram (Kg). The samples were characterized. as, paper, glass, metals, plastics, textiles, non-food, food and putrescibles, misc-combustibles, misc. non-combustibles, household hazardous waste. And then the samples weighed again to determine the proportion of each type. Finally, this study forwarded some important conclusion and recommendations towards improving the current situation.

Qualitative studies on chhana were carried out at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during the year 2011-12. Two milk sources (i.e. cow milk and buffalo milk) and three coagulants (i.e. acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid) were used during the study period. Physical characteristics such as titratable acidity and pH values. Preliminary, the chhana was prepared from each of cow and buffalo milk coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid, and/or lactic acid each at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% concentration level. Among each coagulant, concentration level showed significant influence on the acceptability score of chhana. Product made with 0.5% concentration level perceived the better acceptability (score). A remarkable influence of milk source was observed in pH values of chhana prepared from cow milk and buffalo milk either with acetic acid (5.65±0.01 and 5.45±0.01, respectively) or with citric acid (5.52±0.02 and 5.45±0.01, respectively). In this study, buffalo milk chhana was found better in all aspects compared to that of cow milk.