Ageratum conyzoides is a widely spread weed, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. It has been reported to be used as folk medicine in different countries for treating burns, wounds, skin disorders, headaches, fever, pneumonia, gynecological diseases, leprosy, snakebites, rheumatism, inflammations, stomach ailments like parasites, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, used as a painkiller during childbirth, and many more. It has been reported to contain active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, coumarins, essential oils, and flavonoids, which support its medicinal uses in disease treatment and prevention. It can be a potential source of drugs for various diseases. In fact, pharmaceutical companies are being run in Brazil using A. conyzoides as raw material with recommendations from the Brazilian Drug Centre. It is also used for agricultural purposes as manure, insecticide, pesticide, herbicide, nematicide, fodder, etc. In China, it is widely intercropped in the citrus orchard to control pests and weeds. The review attempts to bring together medicinal and agricultural usage of Ageratum conyzoides with scientific evidence to demonstrate its efficacy. This weed has a negative influence in agriculture and the ecosystem but after studying about its potential medical and agricultural uses, we now have a different viewpoint on this weed, and we believe that further harnessing it for such positive uses might be a management strategy for this weed.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the rooting performance of hardwood cuttings taken from the promising black mulberry genotypes Kemalpaşa, Yelpe, Merkez 3, Merkez 6, Kocacık, Çamdere, and Merkez 7 determined in the province of Tokat under the same environmental conditions. All cuttings were immersed in 6000 ppm IBA solution for 5 seconds before planting and planted on heated bottom tables. The cuttings, which were kept in rooting units for about 3 months, were then removed and measurements were made on them. As a result of the study, statistically, differences were found in root length, root diameter, root number, callus formation rate and rooting rates in the parameters examined. There was no statistically significant difference between genotypes in decay rates. Decay rates of genotypes are between 12.96% - 41.67%, callus formation rates are between 70.83% - 95.39%, rooting rates are between 60.41% - 92.64%, root lengths are between 5.85 - 7.52 cm, root diameters are between 1.42 - 1.75 mm, and root numbers are between 7.87 - 12.67 root/cutting has taken values. In the light of the information obtained as a result of the study, it was determined that Yelpe, Çamdere, and Merkez 6 genotypes showed high rooting success. These results are important in terms of shedding light on the research to be done in order to determine the various studies and the performance of the saplings. It is also a determining factor for enterprises producing saplings.

The province of Istanbul, Şile District has a very advantageous position for beekeeping in terms of its geographical structure and vegetation. The main purpose of this research is to reveal some general characteristics of the beekeeping producers in the Şile District of Istanbul, to evaluate the use of chemicals, and to determine the problems in the production stages. In this evaluation on beekeeping activities, the data obtained through the questionnaire applied to 69 beekeepers in 36 villages in Şile Region were used. With the questions asked in this survey study, detailed data were obtained on many subjects such as the education status of the producers, their experiences, bee colony assets, honey yields, and diseases and pests control. The issues in beekeeping activities are discussed as education, queen production or supply, diseases and pests control. It has been found that the winter colony losses are quite high and the productivity is quite low in the region.

The purpose of this study was to estimate and identify factors affecting the willingness of households to pay for conservation of Washera sheep in West Gojam, Ethiopia. This study used both primary and secondary data. A three-stage sampling method was used to collect data from 240 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric models. The two-dimensional test model used a method to determine the choice of the imputation method using double limited dichotomies. The study showed that education level, livestock size, extension contacts and credit source positively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. On the other hand, age, sex, land size, and the distance of the home from the household’s market have negatively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. Meanwhile, the total number of valid answers corresponds to 122,168 households. Therefore, the mean willingness to pay for Washera sheep conservation was US$ 3.75 per year and the total economic benefit gain from Washera sheep conservation were equivalent to US$1,069,647.23. The study recommends that households be willing to contribute to the conservation of Washera sheep breed by providing the cash. This ensures community participation in all decision making and formulation of plans and policies related to the conservation of Washera sheep breeds.

Eight-year-old Abies fraseri seedlings were grown under different irrigation regimes to determine how drought stress might affect the seedlings in terms of gas exchange parameters. In this study, net photosynthesis (Anet), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci), Ci to ambient CO2 (Ca) concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured on August 11 and 27. Irrigation and measurement time were statistically significant on all gas exchange parameters except WUE for irrigation and measurement time and Anet for measurement time. E and gs were significant under the irrigation and measurement time interactions. In this study, increasing irrigation generally decreased Anet, and gs, while increased E, iWUE, and Ci/Ca. On August 27, A. fraseri had higher Anet, gs, E, Ci, Ci/Ca, and lower iWUE values than August 11. However, there was a robust positive correlation between gs and Anet, while a negative correlation between gs and iWUE in A. fraseri seedlings. In general, prolonged water deficiency leads plants to decrease Anet, gs, and E while iWUE increases, contrary to the current study. A well-developed and deeper root system, especially in plants under less or no-irrigation regimes, may alleviate drought stress effects in the long run and provide an advantage in leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition, the fact that soil moisture did not differ much between treatments, although irrigation levels were different, may explain the similar behavior among individuals measured in terms of gas exchange parameters.

This study was performed to determine the genotype and allele frequencies and the association between the leptin gene Sau3AI polymorphism and some performance traits in Simmental (n=60) and Brown Swiss (n=62) cattle in the province of Erzurum, Türkiye. Considering the allele frequencies in the population, the frequency of the A allele was 0.87 and the frequency of the B allele was 0.13 in Simmental cattle, and the frequency of the A allele was 0.94 and the frequency of the B allele was 0.06 in Brown Swiss cattle. According to the analysis conducted in the Simmental breed, the general averages were found to be 5422.4 ± 1901.74 kg for actual milk yield, 5626.6 ± 1475.85 kg for 305-day milk yield, 298.7 ± 84.80 days for lactation duration, and 18.5 ± 4.84 kg for daily milk yield. As a result of the analysis in the Brown Swiss breed, the general averages were 3917.8 ± 1584.38 kg for actual milk yield, 4614.3 ± 982.62 kg for 305-day milk yield, 254.9 ± 99.88 days for lactation duration, and 16.0 ± 3.82 kg for daily milk yield. According to the statistical analysis results, the impact of genotype on milk yield traits was insignificant in Simmental and Brown Swiss cattle.

Verticillium wilt disease in cotton is a soil-borne disease that causes significant yield losses, and it is therefore important to identify disease-resistant genotypes. Current study was carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University (Diyarbakir) in the year 2020 to determine the tolerance levels of some cotton genotypes which contain different characteristics to wilt disease (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.). The experiment area has been naturally infected with Verticillium wilt pathogens. A total of 124 cotton genotypes, including four controls (DP-499, Edessa, ST-468, ES-1), were arranged in five blocks according to the Augmented Design. The indices of stem cross-section and the leaf-disease severity were found significant. The leaf-disease severity varied between 0.12-3.09 at 50-60 % at boll opening period, whilst stem cross-section values ranged between 0.36-2.30. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the indices. In conclusion, G7, G12, G21, G22, G23, G41, G51, G55, and G101 were determined as tolerant genotypes to Verticillium wilt in terms of examining two parameters.

The main purpose of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives is to meet the credit needs of their partners. In addition to this purpose, meeting the input and home consumption requirements of the partners and marketing the various products grown by the partners are among the objectives. The ability of these cooperatives to perform the expected functions more effectively is directly related to the participation of their members in their activities, and the determination of their expectations and suggestions. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to determine and comparatively evaluate the expectations and satisfaction of its members regarding the functions and activities of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives. The primary data used in the study were compiled by a survey study conducted with 93 randomly selected partners from 3 Agricultural Credit unit cooperatives in Trabzon. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to statistically test the extent to which the expectations of the partners were met. Most of the surveyed partners care about the attitudes and behavior of the cooperatives towards their members, their following the innovations, their activities on issues such as agricultural input supply, input quality, price policy and extension. The partners generally find Agricultural Credit Cooperatives successful in their activities. However, when a comparative analysis is made with the expectations, it is concluded that the expectations are not fully satisfied.

In this research; the current situation and problems of the cold storages in the province of Van have been studied. In this direction, 21 cold storages registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry were visited and on-site investigations were made. The findings obtained as a result of the surveys made with their owners by considering the features of the cold storages such as the structural and mechanization status, the type of stored product have been effective in identifying problems and suggesting solutions. It is used for white meat and eggs 29% of cold storages, 29% for milk and dairy products, 29% for red meat and 13% for fruit and vegetable storage. In addition, there are 17 fruit and vegetable warehouses, 13 of which are unused, that are not registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, and these were excluded from the research because they were not registered. The most important problems in warehouses were experienced during the Covid- 19 pandemic process. Lack of the technical capacity, machinery and equipment, qualified personnel, the marketing problems, maintenance and repair, rent, electricity and water expenses are the main ones. Improvement of its structural properties, modern mechanization device, establishment of unions that will enable warehouse owners to act together, eliminating the lack of qualified personnel with Van Yuzuncu Yil University, one of the most important educational institutions in the region and measures to increase export potential will play an important role in solving the problems.

In this study, the separation of lactic acid from aqueous solutions using trioctylamine (TOA) reactant and environmentally friendly solvents such as sunflower and rice bran oil was investigated, and it was aimed to contribute to the separation of lactic acid by reactive extraction. It is aimed to determine the most suitable reactant / solvent ratios with reactive extraction analyzes. As a result of the studies, the highest efficiency (72,91%) was achieved with the TOA reactant. An increase in yield occurred as a result of using both sunflower oil and rice bran oil (1:1) together. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the addition of TOA to the organic phase increases the extraction efficiency in the recovery of carboxylic acids from aqueous solutions. While the physical extraction yield was 11.85%, the yield increased up to 72,91% in reactive extraction. An increase in yield was observed about 7 times. As a result of the data obtained, it was understood that with the increase in the extractant concentration, the dispersion coefficient (from 0,13 to 2,69) increased, and the loading factor (from 1,79 to 0,69) values decreased. When the organic phase mixtures formed with the extractant and diluent combinations were examined, it was determined that the best results in terms of extraction efficiency were obtained when 3,62 M TOA for lactic acid was used.