Global climate is estimated to change drastically over the next century and the ecosystems will be affected in this changing environment. Plant-associated beneficial microorganisms can stimulate plant growth and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Nowadays, the effects of climate change factors such as increased carbon dioxide (CO2), drought and warming on plant-beneficial microorganism interactions are increasingly being investigated in the scope of plant growth and health. Recent studies have shown that high CO2 level has a positive effect on the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi, whereas the effects on plant growth promoting bacteria and endophytic fungi are more variable. Elevated CO2 conditions lead to increased colonization of beneficial fungi. Additionally, the results of increasing CO2 levels, warming and drought, depend upon the plant and the microbial genotype. Also, plant growth promoting microorganisms, especially bacteria, positively affect plants exposed to drought stress. Altered communities of beneficial microorganisms depending on climate changes, might have to compete with different microbial communities and, therefore microbial activities may also get affected. This work presents that climate change is an important factor affecting microorganism and plant interactions, needs to take into consideration the adaptation processes in plants and microorganisms and might require the selection of adapted plant cultivars.

In this study, it was determined that total phenolic and flavonoid substance amounts and antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts obtained from leaves (Y) and buds (T) of mistletoe (V. album ssp. Austriacum) collected from Northeast Anatolian Yellow Pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L). The amount of total phenolic substance was determined as 19.55 ±4.68 mg GAE/g in Y and 16.88 ±2.77 mg GAE/g in T, while amount of total flavonoid substance 17.56 ±2.53 mg QE/g in Y and 17.17 ±3.29 mg QE/g in T. IC50 values were calculated as 476.26 ±22.54 μg/mL in Y and 778.57±25.61 μg/mL in T. In addition, the reducing antioxidant powers of Fe3+-Fe2+ were calculated as 303.00 ±1.73 μg AAE/mL in Y and 307.01±1.05 μg AAE/mL in T, equivalent to ascorbic acid. As a result, it was seen that mistletoe which is considered harmful for yellow pines, has antioxidant properties. It has been concluded that the evaluation of mistletoe collected during the struggle with mistletoe as a natural antioxidant source may contribute economically.

In the study, it was aimed to increase the vase life of Basic, Ulaş and Terra Ozan cultivars of Gerbera sp. For this purpose, microcapsules containing lavender oil (1000 and 1500 ppm) and naturally obtained walnut tea (33% and 50%) were used. Sucrose (4%) was added to all vase solutions, including the control group solutions. The experiment was set up with 3 replications (three vases) for each treatment and one flower per replication. As a result of the experiment, it was observed that both walnut tea and lavender treatments did not cause a significant change in the vase life of the Terra Ozan cultivars. In the Basic cultivar, the vase life of the flowers in the solution containing lavender oil was longer than that in the solution containing walnut tea, but both treatments did not make a significant difference compared to the control. In Ulaş, both walnut tea and lavender oil applications caused significant increases in the vase life of the flowers. The applications made in the study caused significant changes in the water intake of the flower stems. The treatments that increase the water intake also increased the vase life.

Ülkemizde tescili yapılmış 97 adet yerli zeytin çeşidi mevcut olup, Saurani de Hatay/Altınözü orijinli zeytin çeşididir. Akdeniz Bölgesi zeytin üretiminde birinci sırada olan Hatay ili zeytin yetiştiriciliği için oldukça uygun iklim ve toprak koşullarına sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Hatay’da yetiştirilen Saurani zeytin çeşidinden elde edilen yağın serbest yağ asitleri, peroksit sayısı ve yağ asitleri kompozisyonu gibi kalite parametreleri üzerinde zeytin olgunluğunun etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla 2020 üretim sezonunun 3 farklı olgunluk döneminde Saurani çeşidinden toplanan zeytinlerden mekanik yöntemle zeytinyağı elde edilmiştir. Saurani zeytinyağında serbest yağ asitleri %0.62-0.91 (oleik asit), peroksit sayısı 3.68-5.26 meq O2/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. Olgunlukla birlikte serbest yağ asitleri miktarı artmıştır. Saurani zeytinyağında oleik asit %66.32-68.79, palmitik asit %12.47-13.75, linoleik asit %11.43-13.84, stearik asit %3.16-3.42, palmitoleik asit %1.12-1.34, linolenik asit %0.88-1.01 ve araşidik asit %0.41-0.52 aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Olgunlukla birlikte oleik asit içeriğinde azalma, linoleik asit içeriğinde ise artış kaydedilmiştir. Saurani zeytinyağının incelenen özellikler bakımından Türk Gıda Kodeksi Zeytinyağı ve Pirina Zeytinyağı Tebliği’nde (2017) belirtilen sınırlar içerisinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Son yıllarda gıda kaynakları dünya nüfusu ve ekolojik problemlerin artışına bağlı olarak büyük bir hızla tükenmektedir. Bu nedenle gıdaların üretilmesi kadar korunması ve dayanıklılığının geliştirilmesi de büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle et ve balık ürünleri hassas gıdalar olduklarından uygun olmayan depolama koşulları altında çok çabuk bozulabilmektedir. Taze veya işlenmiş et ve balık ürünlerinde, depolama süresince biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyal bozulmaların bir sonucu olarak çeşitli kalite kayıpları meydana gelebilmektedir. Et ve balık ürünlerinde arzu edilen duyusal özelliklerin korunması, biyolojik, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik bozulmaların geciktirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan ambalajlama yöntemleri arasında ilgi çekici bir yaklaşım olarak yenilebilir film ve kaplama uygulamaları dikkat çekmektedir. Protein, lipit veya polisakkarit gibi doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen, çevre dostu ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir materyallerin kullanıldığı yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar düşük maliyetli ve kolay uygulanabilir olması nedeniyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar antimikrobiyaller, antioksidanlar ve lezzet arttırıcı maddeler gibi aktif bileşenler için taşıyıcı olarak hareket edebilmektedir. Aktif bileşenleri içeren yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar, et ve balık ürünlerinin muhafaza edilmesi için uygundur. Söz konusu ambalajlama yöntemi nem kaybını engelleyerek, mikrobiyolojik bozulmaları geciktirerek ve patojen mikroorganizmaların üremesini kısıtlayarak, lipit, protein ve pigment oksidasyonunu yavaşlatarak ve ürünlerin duyusal özellikler açısından kabul edilebilirliğini uzatarak et ve balık ürünlerinin depolama süresini uzatmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu derlemede aktif bileşenler ile zenginleştirilmiş yenilebilir film ve kaplamaların et, balık ve türev ürünlerine uygulanması ve depolama süresince bu ürünlerde meydana gelebilecek mikrobiyal ve oksidatif bozulmalara ve duyusal kalite kayıplarına karşı gösterdiği koruyucu etki hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Green tea obtained from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze having potential health benefits. It contains significant amounts of antioxidant and is considered as world healthiest drink. Polyphenols in tea are thought to exhibits anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Green tea catechins acts as immune modulators in immune dysfunction and also play a role in protection from degenerative diseases. Intake of green tea catechins suppress high fat diet induced obesity, prevent lipid and glucose metabolism disorders and reduce risk of coronary heart disease. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potential antioxidant that shows protective effects against photo toxicity and photo carcinogenesis. In vitro animal experiments have suggested that polyphenols in green tea protect from lung cancer by their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. This study chiefly highlights the convenience of green tea on health and propagates its further prospects.

This study was carried out at the meadows and pastures in Çolpan village of Van province in 2020. In the study, matter yield, botanical composition, plant covered area, rate of decreaser/increaser/invader species were determined. The Loop method was used to determine the botanical composition. In grassland area were identified 69 species belonging to 17 families. In meadow area were identified 20 species belonging to 6 families. The amount of Poaceae, Fabaceae and other families found in the grassland area were determined as 18.66%, 15.65%, and 65.69%, respectively. In the meadow area, the amount of Poaceae, Fabaceae and other families were determined as 67.50%, 15.0%, and 17.50%, respectively. Artemisia spicigera (4.74%) Taeniatherum caput-medusae (5.0%) Arenaria serpyllifolia (5.0%) Medicago monantha (5.92%) species were the most common species found in the grassland area. Hordeum brevisubulatum (25.5%), Bromus scoparius (16.75%), and Taraxacum androssovii (9.25%) species were the most common species found in the meadow area. According to the ratio of good plants, pasture was classified as poor pasture and meadow was in the moderate meadow class. Grassland and meadow matter yields were found to be 91.4 kg/da and 385.2 kg/da, respectively. In the grassland of Çolpan village, invader species were found to be dense. It was concluded that grassland area should be improved.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the 305-day milk yield of dairy cattle by using Regression Tree Analysis (RTA). The data set of this study consisted of 8 different cattle breeds grown in Turkey. Breed (B), Province (P), Lactation Length (LL), Service Period (SP), Dry Period (DP), Parity (PR), Calving Year (CY), Calving Age (CA) and Calving Month (CM) were used to predict the 305-day milk yield. Results of RTM showed that the usage of this method might be appropriate for determining the important factors that would be able to affect the 305-day milk yield (R2=71.3%). It was seen that the most important factors affecting the 305-day milk yield were the Breed, Lactation Length, Province, and Parity. Therefore, those selected factors were more efficient than the others in predicting the 305-day milk yield. RTA results also indicated that the lowest milk yield was estimated for Jersey, Jersey Crossbred, and Yerli Kara. Among the highest 305-day milk yield cows, the milk yield estimates of the cows in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and the sixth parities were found significantly higher than that of the cows in the first and seventh parities.

Ülkemizde önemli bir yere sahip olan geleneksel gıdalara duyulan ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Turistler tarafından ilgi odağı olan Kapadokya bölgesinde, geleneksel ürünler de önemli birer gastronomi unsurudur. Yöresel süt ürünleri üretimi ve tanıtımı da bu konuda önem taşımaktadır. Bu ürünlerden biri de Nevşehir ili Avanos ilçesine bağlı Kalaba kasabasında üretilen yöresel adıyla yüz yoğurdu (makine ağzı yoğurdu) ya da Kalaba yoğurdudur. Yöreye özgü nitelikte kalmış Kalaba yoğurdunun özelliklerinin araştırılması ve yemek reçetelerine uyarlanması ile bu ürünün gastronomi açısından değerinin artacağı düşünülmektedir. İtalyan mutfağının en bilinen tatlılarından biri olan Tiramisu, orijinal reçetesinde Mascarpone peyniri ile, alternatif reçetelerde ise Labne peyniri ile hazırlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kalaba yoğurdunun, dünya mutfağında kabul görmüş Tiramisu tatlısının reçetesinde ikame olarak kullanım olanaklarının araştırılması ve ürün niteliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu sebeple Mascarpone peyniri, Labne peyniri ve Kalaba yoğurdu ile yapılan Tiramisu tatlılarının fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve toplam enerji miktarları belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanan Tiramisu örneklerinin 4,8-5,09 pH değerine, %52,74-59,70 kurumadde, %0,97-1,07 kül, %21,25-28,75 yağ, %5,24-5,89 protein ve %18,71-29,88 karbonhidrat içeriğine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Toplam enerji değerleri ise 313,01-354,93 kcal/100 g arasında bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda Tiramisu tatlısının reçetesinde Kalaba yoğurdunun alternatif olarak kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

There are very few studies on cabbage at different fertigation levels in the Marmara Region, where this study was conducted. In this respect, our study has a unique quality. This study was carried out in Bursa Uludag University Yenisehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational School application greenhouses in 2014-2015 years. Five different irrigation treatments (T1: 100% (full irrigation), T2: 75%, T3: 50%, T4: 25%, T5: 0% (non-irrigated)) and two different fertigation treatments; F1.0: 100% (100:100:100 NPK) fertigation and F0.5: 50% (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation were combined together to determine the effects on yield and quality parameters of potatoes. The amount of irrigation water in 2014 and 2015 years varied between 0.0-630.0 mm and 0.0-660 mm, respectively, while evapotranspiration values varied between 180.0-670 mm and 190.0-675 mm, respectively. It was determined that irrigation water and fertigation levels, yield and quality parameters of potatoes were affected significantly. In both application years, the highest yield was obtained from T1F1.0 treatment as 45.0 and 47.0 tons’ ha-1 respectively, while the lowest yield was obtained from T5F1.0 treatment as 4.0 and 5.0 tons ha-1, respectively. In 2014 and 2015 years the crop response factor (ky) values of potato were calculated as 1.11-1.11 and 1.21-1.14, respectively. When the full fertigation (F1.0: 100% -100:100:100 NPK) and the insufficient F0.5: 50% - (50:50:50 NPK) fertigation treatments are compared, significant differences have arisen in terms of yield and quality parameters. T2F1.0 and T2F0.5 treatments can be recommended as the most effective irrigation and fertilization levels of potato.