Poor seed germination obstructs the early and uniform seedling emergence at the sub-optimal conditions which can be a major setback to early spring cucumber growers. Different seed priming methods ought to be efficient solutions for the problem. To standardize the best priming method, an experiment was laid out in a Completely randomized design at the Horticulture lab of IAAS, Lamjung Campus. The treatment consisted of demineralized distilled water (hydropriming), hormonal priming (GA3 100ppm and GA3 200 ppm), halopriming (NaCl 0.5% and KNO3 0.5%), and non-primed seeds as control. The seeds were soaked in the respective treatment for 24 hours and then dried to initial moisture content under shade conditions. Observation recorded significantly highest germination percentage in GA3 100ppm (19.25%) and hydro priming (19.25%). The lowest mean germination time was found in GA3 100ppm (4.19days) which was significantly at par with GA3 200ppm (4.33days) and hydro priming (4.48days). The germination energy was found highest in GA3 100ppm (39.58) followed by GA3 200ppm (33.65) and dry weight was recorded highest in hydropriming (0.0252g) followed by GA3 100ppm (0.0250g) whereas the highest root length was observed in KNO3 priming (12.955cm) which is statistically at par with hydropriming (11.42cm), GA3 200 ppm (10.872cm) and NaCl priming (10.42cm). The plumule length was observed highest in KNO3 (13.00cm) followed by NaCl (11.25cm). All primed seeds showed increased seedling vigor compared to the unprimed seeds. The study showed that applied treatment notably increased the germination characteristics and seedling stand.

The aim of this study was to identify the endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plant Thymus algeriensis and to evaluate their potential for antimicrobial activities. A total of 16 fungi belonging to 6 genera were successfully isolated and identified. The colonization rates ranged from 14.29% to 42.86% and were significantly higher in the roots followed by stems and leaves. Regarding the isolation rates, they were 0.23, 0.14, and 0.1 for the roots, stems, and leaves respectively. Based on the comparison of the morphological characteristics, six genera were identified: Rhizopus, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Phoma, and Penicillium. Fusarium, Phoma, and Alternaria were the most dominant with relative frequencies of 35.5, 28.6, and 14.3% respectively. The fungal endophytes were assessed for their antimicrobial activities using agar plug diffusion method, the best zones of inhibition obtained with the most active endophytic isolates were 20.33 and 20 mm for Fusarium sp. 3, 22.33 and 18.67 mm for Fusarium sp. 5, 23.33 and 25.33 mm for Fusarium sp. 2, and 29.33 and 23 mm for Phoma sp. 4 obtained against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 respectively. The comparison of the averages of inhibition zones obtained against all the pathogenic bacteria showed that the isolates Fusarium sp.3 and Fusarium sp.5 were the most active with mean zones of inhibition of 19.61 and 19.56 mm respectively, followed by Fusarium sp.2 (19 mm) and Phoma sp. 4 (18.61mm). Regarding the antifungal activity, the results showed that the highest inhibition percentages were 60 and 58% obtained by Rhizopus sp. and 51 and 53% obtained by Aspergillus sp. against Fusarium oxysporum f.p. ciccri and Phytophthora infestans respectively. The study concludes the presence of endophytic fungi such as Fusarium, Phoma, Penicillium and Aspergillus associated with Thymus algeriensis that exhibited antibacterial activity. These isolates could serve as potential sources for the isolation of novel antimicrobial agents that may contribute to antibiotic control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Rosemary is an aromatic shrub native to the coasts of the Mediterranean region. Understanding the changes of chemical composition of essential oil is critical for more targeted rosemary harvesting, which can lead to higher-quality essential oils for agro-food, medicinal, and cosmetics uses. Therefore, rosemary plants were harvested at pre-flowering, full-flowering, and post-flowering stage grown in the experimental area of the Department of Field Crops at Çukurova University in order to determine the most suitable harvest time for the highest amount of essential oils and their important compounds. Essential oil content decreased slightly from the pre-flowering to post-flowering. The highest essential oil content (1.68%) was determined at the pre-flowering stage. Twenty-eight compounds were found representing 95.74%-96.74% of the total essential oil. The major compounds for rosemary were camphor (28.43%-32.74%), 1,8-cineol (20.80%-22.61%), isoborneol (6.05%-7.28%), verbenol (5.17%-6.98%), and limonene (5.71%-6.23%), respectively. Consequently, the optimal harvest time in terms of essential oil content, as well as camphor, 1,8-cineole and limonene content, may be considered as pre-flowering stage.

In this study conducted to investigate the effect of breeding flock age on the fattening performance and carcass characteristics of broilers, Ross-308 chicks obtained from the eggs of breeding in three different age groups; young (30 weeks old), middle (47 weeks old), and old (59 weeks old) were used. For this purpose, three different treatment groups and three replications in each treatment group were formed depending on the breeder age in the experiment. In the study, 30 chicks in each replication, 90 chicks in each treatment group and 270 chicks in total were used. At the initial and the end of the experiment, the differences observed between the treatment groups in terms of live weight were found to be significant. It was determined that chick live weights per trial increased with increasing flock age (P0.05). As a result, although chicks obtained from old flocks had higher live weight at the beginning of the experiment, the effect of flock age on fattening performance and carcass parameters was eliminated at the end of the experiment and showed similar values with the chicks obtained from medium and young flocks.

In the present study, we aimed to isolate and biochemically identify tyramine-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from black and green fermented olive samples produced by traditional methods and obtained from different provinces of Turkey. A total of 36 LABs, including Enterococcus spp. (2 isolates), Lactobacillus spp. (16 isolates), and Lactococcus spp. (18 isolates) were isolated from the fermented olive samples. Among them, 27 isolates could decarboxylate tyrosine amino acid; however, the decarboxylase enzyme activity of the remaining 9 isolates was negative. The ability of LAB isolates with positive enzyme activity to produce tyramine was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 6 isolates were found to be significant tyramine producers in vitro, producing tyramine at concentrations ranging from 107.251 to 207.618 mg L–1.

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

Tarımsal faaliyetlerin yürütülebilmesi için tarım işçilerinin güvenli bir şekilde tarla ya da bahçeye taşınması oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemizde güvenlik açısından önerilmemekle birlikte tarım işçilerinin tarla ya da bağ-bahçeye taşınmaları genellikle tarım arabaları ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınabilmesi için ülkemizde belirlenen trafik yönetmelikleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak gerek yönetmeliklere uyulmaması ve gerekse emniyetli taşıma düzeneği olmayan tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınması sırasında meydana gelen kazalar ciddi yaralanmalar ve can kaybı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; güvenli işçi taşınması için tasarlanan, tarım arabasına sökülüp takılabilir, oturma düzeneğine ait iki farklı yuvarlanmayı önleyici yapı tasarlanarak modellenmiştir. Geliştirilen modeller bilgisayar ortamında ANSYS paket programı kullanılarak toplam deformasyon ve gerilme parametreleri yönünden analiz edilmiştir.

Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient for plants, and its deficiency causes serious yield losses by inhibiting plant growth and development. Detailed studies have been carried out for many years on the uptake of available iron in the soil by plants and its transport to plant organs. These studies proved that Fe can be transported in chelated form with some organic substances including peptides and amino acids. However, detailed studies have not been conducted on the uptake of peptide- or amino acid-chelated Fe into the plant or its transport between organs. Few studies have focused on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) and drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) families. The possible roles of the recently discovered UMAMIT amino acid transporter family have not been studied in iron transport in plants yet. In this review, the transporter families responsible for the uptake and translocation of iron were summarized. Then, the roles of the OPT, DMT, and UMAMIT families in transporting iron-peptide and iron-amino acid complexes were discussed in detail.

Compost is usually made of biodegradable wastes. Today, compost, bio-agent bacteria and mycorrhizae are used as the key components of sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of compost treatments alone and combined with bacteria, mycorrhiza and commercial fertilizers on growth, flower and bulb quality parameters of the ‘Jan van Nes’ tulip cultivar. Compost was made of grape pomace and set at different EC levels. Three different compost ratios (0%, 20% and 40%), three different EC levels (0.75, 1.10, and 1.45 dS/m) and combinations with or without bacteria and mycorrhizae were experimented. Flower stalk length, perianth length and vase life were identified as the most striking parameters for growth and flowering of tulip plants. The best outcomes in terms of flower stem length (34.20 cm), perianth length (44.85 mm) and vase life (7.00 days) were obtained from 0% compost treatments. Increasing compost ratios had adverse effects on plant growth and bacteria and mycorrhizae treatments alone did not provide any significant effects. However, combining with different compost ratios increased the effectiveness of bacteria and mycorrhiza. EC of 0.75 yielded better results than the other EC levels.

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests in greenhouses. This harmful pest has rapidly developed high resistance to many classes of acaricides. In this study, T. urticae populations were collected from cucumber greenhouses in Gümenek village, Tokat, Turkey. Growers in this location use acaricides such as abamectin, hexythiazox and spiromesifen to suppress T. urticae populations. The study aimed to determine the resistance levels of T. urticae populations against to mentioned acaricides. The LC50 values of the collected populations were determined by the spray tower-leaf disc method. The resistance rates were found by dividing the LC50 values of the collected greenhouse populations by the LC50 value of the susceptible population. The resistance levels of T. urticae were determined to be between 1.88-2.14-folds against abamectin, 1.67-1.84 folds against hexythiazox and 1.77-2.09 folds against spiromesifen. According to these results, a low rate of resistance development was observed against abamectin, hexythiazox and spiromesifen.