Kombucha is a beverage prepared from fermented traditionally-flavored black or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) with symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). In this study, the changes in the physicochemical, bioactive components, microbial quality and sensory properties of black tea kombucha and different proportions of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) kombucha after fermentation were evaluated. While the pH values decreased during storage, the total acidity value increased. Purple basil had higher total phenolic content at all storage times than the other samples. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the total amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in purple basil was highly conserved compared to the other samples. Antioxidant values on the 30th day determined highest DPPH (radical scavenging activity) (64.19%) and CUPCAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) (41.48%) in the purple basil kombucha beverage. When the color values were examined, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the overall storage process in all samples. There was no significant change inconsistency, smell, taste and general acceptance with the storage process. As a result, 30-day storage period was found to be more successful and favorable for 100% purple basil kombucha tea.

Vermicompost production and applications are increasing in our country recently. There are also many commercial products on the market. Vermicompost may act both as soil conditions and organic fertilizer. In addition to the effect of this product on improving the physical properties of the soil; the effect of plant growth on different plants should be studied. In this study conducted for this purpose; commercially produced radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. “Cherry Belle” was planted in growing medium mixed with different doses of vermicompost (0 - 2.5 – 5 – 10 %). In order to determine NPK and NPK + Fe. Zn fertilizer needs of the plants, these elements contained fertilizers were applied. According to the pot experiment results, important increases in some element contents and fresh root weights of radish plant were determined with increasing vermicompost applications. The average fresh root weight changed between 47.89-77.70 g pot-1. The average N concentration of in leaves and in roots changed between 3.09-4.69 % and 1.19-2.67 %, respectively. The K of in leaves and in roots changed between 1.27-1.46 % and 1.39-2.13 %, respectively, and the P concentration of in leaves and in roots changed between 0.46-0.50 % and 0.36-0.45 %, respectively. Application of vermicompost had statistically significant effect on growth of radish.

Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde balık refahı ve çalışma kolaylığı açısından sentetik veya bitkisel kökenli anestezikler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, sentetik kökenli anesteziklerin balık vücudunda birikim yapması nedeni ile hem balık hem de tüketici sağlığını tehdit edebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla son yıllarda bitkisel kökenli anesteziklere olan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Karanfil yağı su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde yapılan çalışmalarda sıklıkla kullanılan bitkisel bir anestezik maddedir. Literatürde karanfil haricinde farklı bitkisel kökenli esansiyel yağların balıklar üzerindeki anestezik etkilerinin araştırıldığı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu yağlardan birisi de kişniş otu (Coriandrum sativum) yağıdır. Kişniş otu ana bileşen olarak %50-70 oranlarında anestezi özelliği gösteren linalol etken maddesini içermektedir. Bu çalışmada, bitkisel anestezik olarak kişniş otu yağının su ürünlerinde kullanılabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir.

The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a pH indicator based on chitosan (C) and starch (S) including anthocyanins from eggplant to indicate food quality changes through the detection of changes in the pH of packaged food products. Anthocyanins were extracted with solvents including ethanol and water (7:3, V:V) (EgP-E) and water (EgP-W) in acidic pH. The pH indicator films were obtained incorporating anthocyanin as 1.5 g extract/100 g film solution. The optical, mechanical and water vapor permeability properties were used to characterize the pH indicator films. The total monomeric anthocyanin content and phenolic content of extract solutions were also determined. Color variations of pH indicator films were measured by a colorimeter after immersion in different pH buffers (pH 2.0–10.0). Initially, dried C films and S based films were observed in a violet color and a magenta color, respectively. C and S films with anthocyanins showed color variations from pink (in acidic pH) to bluish-green (in neutral pH) and to violet (in basic pH) in different pH values. The water vapor permeability of films with anthocyanins was higher than films without anthocyanins. Additionally, C and S based films including anthocyanins extracted with water showed better permeability values. C:EgP-W and S:EgP-W films presented higher elasticity values when compared with films including ethanolic extracts (p

Coffee is one of the most valuable cash crops in Rwanda. Coffee production in Rwanda stands high among three different export crops such as tea, pyrethrum, and was recently set as priority crop where more attention should be concentrated. This study estimates the impact of climate change and variation on coffee yield in Huye district, southern province of Rwanda. In this research both secondary and primary data were used and primary data were gathered from a random sample of 110 households in HUYE District. Coffee farmers were interviewed in August-September 2016 using structured questionnaires that were administered to household’s heads via person-interviews. Climate data (temperature and precipitation) were collected from the Rwanda Meteorological Station located in RUBONA Station. The results from climate change model has revealed that approximately 74% of change in the coffee production during the last 17 years was explained by climate factors jointly. The results indicate that coffee farms near Huye Mountain are highly vulnerable to precipitation variation like erosion during heavy rain in March through May and drought from June through August.

İklim değişikliği küresel ısınma ile birlikte sera gazlarının artışını ve iklimde meydana gelen her tür değişikliği ifade eder. Son 50 yılda sera gazlarından CO2 konsantrasyonunun %30’un üzerinde arttığı, gelecek yüzyılda ise bu artışın daha hızlı olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. İklim değişikliği yıl içerisinde ve yıllar arasında önemli sıcaklık ve yağış farklılıklarına neden olabilmektedir. İklim değişikliğine paralel olarak flora da değişmektedir. İklim değişikliği nedeniyle bazı alanlarda tür sayısının azaldığı saptanmış ve özellikle serin iklim türlerinin yüksek sıcaklıklara adapte olamamasından dolayı daha da azalacakları öngörülmektedir. İklim değişikliği meralarda verimi önemli derecede etkilemektedir. Batı yarım kürede verim artışı Doğu yarım küreden daha yüksek olurken, Kuzey Amerika, Orta Asya, Orta Afrika ve Okyanusya’daki meraların iklim değişikliğine karşı hassasiyeti ortaya çıkmıştır. Yaz sıcaklıklarının yüksek olduğu alanlarda küresel ısınma hayvanlarda yem tüketim etkinliğini, canlı ağırlık artışını, süt verimini ve üremeyi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Serin bölgelerde ise küresel ısınmanın etkisi daha az hissedilmektedir. İklim değişikliklerinin çayır meralar üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak ve tahminlerde bulunmak için yoğun çaba harcanmaktadır. Gelecekle ilgili yüksek güvenirlikli tahminler yapabilmek için detaylı modelleme çalışmalarına ihtiyaç vardır. Yapılan tahminlere göre özellikle ülkemizde küresel ısınmanın etkili olacağı öngörülmektedir. Bundan dolayı çayır-mera yem bitkilerinde kurağa dayanıklı çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi, farklı ekolojik bölgelerimize adapte olabilecek C4 yem bitkisi türlerinin belirlenmesi ve bu türlerin yetiştirme tekniği ve ıslah çalışmalarına ihtiyaç vardır.

Seed viability and vigor have been influenced by several factors including soil and climatic conditions, plant nutrition, fertilization, irrigation, plant population and post-harvest storages. The study was conducted to determine the appropriate plant density for vigorous seed production in safflower. The effects of row spacing (14 and 28 cm) and seeding rate (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 seeds m-2) on yield, yield components and seed quality of safflower were detected in the study. The results showed that increased seeding rates resulted in enhanced seed yield and the highest seed yield was obtained from 14 cm and 200 seed m-2 with 3320 kg ha-1. The row spacing and seeding rate did not cause a significant difference in oil and protein contents. Laboratory emergence, germination after accelerated ageing (AA) and electrical conductivity tests were suitable for determining seed quality among the seed lots, while standard germination, cool and cold tests were not appropriate. The highest laboratory emergence percentage and germination after AA were determined in 80 seed m-2 but field emergence percentage in 120 seed m-2. It was concluded that the 14 cm row spacing and seeding rate of 120 seed m-2 should be advised for high yielding seed production regardless of seed vigor in safflower.

Adana province is very suitable for honey bee (Apis mellifera) breeding in terms of climate, geographic structure and rich flora. This study was carried out to investigate of beekeeping structure in Adana. The research was carried out as a questionnaire with technical questions related to technical beekeeping by visiting 169 beekeepers in Adana. In this study, a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice and open-ended questions were used as a data collection method. This survey were obtained data on beekeepers personal information, educational status, reasons for starting beekeeping, how many years they have been beekeeping, recognition of bee diseases and pests, and reared bee species. It is an effort to depict the technical and economic characteristics of province beekeeping practices in order to discover the overall structure of beekeeping in the province. According to the results of the survey, 99.4% of beekeepers’ gender were male, average age 47.77, 58.5% of beekeepers’ education level were primary school, beekeeping experience averaged 19.22 years and colony numbers were 293.21 per beekeeper. Furthermore, the problems of beekeepers were tried to determine.

Havza yönetimi, bir havzanın sınırları ile çevrili alan içerisinde kalan toprak, bitki, su ve bunları doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkileyen iklim, çevre, insan ve hayvan aktivitelerinin topyekûn değerlendirildiği sistemdir. 1990’lı yılların başlarından itibaren de doğal kaynakların korunmasına yönelik yapılan yönetim çalışmalara ilaveten geçim kaynaklarını iyileştirecek ve gelir düzeyini artıracak önlemleri de kapsayan yeni bir havza yönetim programı ortaya çıkmıştır. Totaliter havza yönetimi olarak adlandırabileceğimiz bu yeni havza yönetim sistemi entegre ve katılımcı havza yönetimi yaklaşımını esas almaktadır. Bütüncül bir anlayışla toplumun refah düzeyini artırmayı ve gelecek nesillere zengin bir doğal kaynak sunmayı hedefleyen totaliter havza yönetimi, yer altı ve yerüstü doğal kaynakların mutlak korunumunun yanı sıra bu kaynaklardan yeterli düzeyde yararlanmayı, ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel hayatı iyileştirerek yoksulluğun azaltılmasını, uygulamalı araştırma ile rekabet gücünü artırmayı, çevre dostu anlayışı teşvik etmeyi, havza yönetimi faaliyetlerinin takip edilerek sürdürülebilir olmasını, iklim değişikliklerinden kaynaklanan olumsuz etkileri engellemeyi, su döngüsünün kayıpsız olarak devam etmesini ve havzalarda ki tahribatın önüne geçilmesini amaçlar. Bu çalışmada, Van Gölü havzasındaki doğal kaynaklar ile bu kaynakların kullanımları arasındaki düzenli ve düzensiz ilişkiler alt havza bünyesinde değerlendirilerek alternatifler üzerinde durulmuş olup özellikle su kaynaklarının kullanımında ki yanlış uygulamalar nedeniyle oluşabilecek olumsuz sonuçların giderilmesi için Van Gölü havzasına uygulanabilecek havza yönetim sistemi açıklanmıştır. Havzada aşırı sulamayı dengeleyecek etkin sulama sistemleri ile kuraklığa ve soğuğa dayanıklı sulamaya daha az gereksinim duyan alternatif bitki desenleri önerilmiştir.

This trial was realized in the greenhouses of Uludağ University Yenişehir Vocational School between 2009 and 2010 to investigate effects of water deficit on yield and quality parameters of onion during four crop growth stages. In this trial, fourteen irrigation treatments in four growth periods (establishment, vegetative, yield formation and ripening) of onion (Allium cepa L E.T Grano.502) were constituted and the yield and quality parameters found from these treatments were evaluated. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each of the fourteen irrigation treatments tested. According to the content of the treatments, the irrigation amount water applied to the plants varied between 0 and 436 mm in the first year, and between 0 and 448 mm in the second year. Water consumption of onion in the first year ranged between 205 and 496 mm and in the second year ranged between 210 and 502 mm. Yield, bulb weight, diameter, height and dry matter ratio were determined statistically significant. In 2009 and 2010 years, the maximum yield were found as 52.2 t ha-1 and 52.4 t ha-1 in E100V100Y100R100 treatments, while the minimum yield were found as 0.8 t ha-1 and 0.5 t ha-1 in the E0V0Y0R0 treatments, respectively. Water- yield relationship factors (ky) in 2009 and 2010 years were found as 1.03 and 1.04, respectively. The maximum WUE and IWUE values were obtained from establishment and ripening periods. Establishment and ripening periods may be suggested as the maximum efficient irrigation periods for the onion applied with drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse conditions.