Tillage machines such as plow, cultivator, rotavator, and rototiller are widely used for this purpose. However, one of the major problems in working with tillage machines is the wear of active parts over time. Abrasion occurs differently in active parts of tillage machines and can cause the machines used to lose the functionality expected of them. It is preferred to cover the active parts with wear-resistant coating materials to reduce the level of wear to meet both agro technical demands and high tillage efficiency. The way of wear the active parts of the machines; it is abrasive wear caused by friction against solid materials in the soil (clods, stones, harder materials, etc.) and/or adhesive wear caused by soil moisture. Reducing the wear on the active parts with the coating process to be made will both prevent material loss caused by abrasion in the active part and increase the efficiency/effectiveness of the machine. Because of the limited number of studies on this subject in the agricultural sector shows that the subject is open to improvement. In this study, the use of new coating methods used in other production sectors (especially in mold manufacturing) for the last decade in coating the active parts of soil tillage machines and their effects on product performance and life by increasing wear resistance are compiled. Coating methods that can be adapted to the agricultural sector can be listed as; Gas Phase, Liquid Phase and Melted/Semi-Melted Phase. Among these, studies on Plasma Thermal Spraying (Molten / Semi-Molten Phase Coating Methods) and thin film coating (Vapor Phase Coating Methods) are prominent. On the other hand, it is predicted that the desired wear resistance can be further improved by applying different coating methods and combinations.

In this study, tetracycline and streptomycin group antibiotic residues were investigated in packaged and open sold honey. For this purpose, a total of 60 honey samples, which were 30 of each were used as material. Honey samples were taken from various sales places located in Sivas province. ELISA method was used for the analysis and commercial test kits were used. According to the analysis results; tetracycline was found in 73.3% (22 samples) of the packaged honey and streptomycin was found in all samples. Tetracycline and streptomycin were determined as positive in open honeys were respectively 60% (18 samples) and 93.3% (28 samples). Tetracycline levels were between 0.12-371.43 ppb (mean 13.91 ± 12.33) in packaged honey and 0.02-13.32 ppb (mean 1.75 ± 0.5) in open honeys. Streptomycin levels were 1.30-250.2 ppb (mean 25.8 ± 10.8) in packaged honey and 0.19-22.71 ppb (mean 8.21 ± 5.2) in open honeys. Antibiotic residue was not found in one sample of open honeys. The findings suggest that, although illegal, some medicines are used in beekeeping or that bees are exposed to antibiotics that are added to the feed or water of other animals. These findings pose a potential risk to the consumer.

Dams are important sources particularly for energy production as well as drinking and irrigation water. In this study, dissolved metal concentrations in Değirmendere Dam water in Amasya province were determined by ICP-MS and the data were evaluated in terms of drinking/irrigation water. Mean value of each metal in samples collected from 5 different points of the reservoir is presented in µg L as follows; Ca (50943)> Mg (42212)> Na (31637)> K (3725)> Al (63.68)> Fe (43.30)> Zn (30.78)> Cu (5.79)> Mn (4.59)> Ni (2.97)> Cr (1.18)> Pb (1.14)> As (1.04)> Cd (0.69). These results did not exceed the drinking water limit values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkish Standards (TS 266). Water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) values were calculated as 16.63-17.54-1.00, respectively. In terms of hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (CR), the water quality of the reservoir is not potentially dangerous for adults/children. Dam water is convenient for irrigation based on sodium absorption rate (SAR = 0.78) and sodium percentage (Na = 19.56%). However, magnesium hazard (MH = 57.70) value is above the limit value of 50 with reference to irrigation water.

Cucurbitaceae family, contain lots of important species in terms of worldwide nutritional and economical value. Despite the molecular genetic researches conducted in recent years, genome data is quite limited for C. pepo which is agriculturally important. The main motivation of this work is to develop new and numerous SSR markers (Simple Sequence Repetitions) that is unique to Cucurbita genome which has extremely small number of genome-specific markers. The reference genome was scanned with bioinformatic tools in terms of repetitive motifs and 76744 genome-specific SSR loci were found. In this scope, 52303 SSR markers were developed for the first time by containing 20 chromosomes in C. pepo L. genotype and the data that belongs to the developed markers is saved in a database. The majority of the most common SSR motifs were detected as di-nucleotide repeats which was rich in terms of AT/AT. To evaluate the amplification efficiency and polymorphic band producing capability of newly developed SSR markers, a collection which contains 39 Cucurbita pepo L. genotypes is characterized and the SSR alleles are scored as 0/1, so that the data file was subjected to the analysis of genetic diversity in DARwin6 software program. The results of this study were evaluated as obtaining important molecular genetic markers of the pumpkin and using them in the future studies of molecular breeding and mapping to obtain important information.

In sub-Saharan Africa, multiple plant nutrients deficiency besides nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is a major growth-limiting factor for crop production. As a result, some soils become non-responsive for Rhizobium inoculation besides P application. Based on the soil test result, the soil of Experimental sites had low organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn)[xy1]. Hence, an experiment was carried out on-farm at Gondar Zuria woreda in Tsion and Denzaz Kebeles to evaluate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation, S and Zn application on yield, nodulation, N and P uptake of chickpea. The experiment included twelve treatments developed via factorial combination of two level of inoculation (Rhizobium inoculated, un-inoculated), three level of S (0, 15, 30 kg Sulphur ha-1) and two levels of Zn (0, 1.5 kg Zinc ha-1). The treatment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the highest mean nodule number (15.3) and nodule volume (1.3 ml plant-1) over locations were obtained with Rhizobium inoculation integrated with 15 kg S and 1.5 kg Zn ha-1 which resulted in 37.8% and 116.7% increment over the control check, respectively. It was also observed that combined application of Rhizobium and 30 kg S ha-1 caused the highest (6.7) mean nodulation rating and seed yield (1775.5 kg ha-1) over locations which resulted in 86.1% and 28 % increase over the control check, respectively. Moreover, this treatment improved P use efficiency of chickpea. On the bases of observed result, it can be concluded that the response of chickpea to Rhizobium and P application can be improved by S application and Rhizobium inoculation with application of 30 kg S ha-1 with recommended rate of P and starter N is recommended for chickpea production at the experimental locations in Gonder Zuria Woreda.

The aim of study is to investigate; the effect of increasing several doses P application on soil C, N and P concentration in Long term experiment conditions. Tested hypothesis; increasing P doses application increases soil C, N and P concentration, consequently plant yield can increase. The experiment has establish at University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application field on Arık soil series from since 1998 until update. Four doses of P applied; such as 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0), 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P50), 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P100) and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P200) with tree replications. Under rain fed condition Adana-99 species wheat (‎Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were sown in November 2017 and harvested at May 2018. Soil samples were taken at different depth (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere part at harvest. Soil P concentrations, organic C (OC), inorganic C (IC), soil total carbon C and N were analyzed. Result shown that there is a statistically difference as P concentration, especially in both depth of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, the best application is P200 compared to the control. As the P dose increased, also soil P content increased linearly. In terms of soil OC content, there was a statistically significant difference at a depth of 15-30 cm in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and, the best practice was got at P200 application compared to control treatment. In addition, due to increasing doses of P application, the mean soil OC, total N and C content increased. The founded results are support our hypothesis.

The world’s population is increasing day by day, and the need of the energy and food is increasing at the same rate. As it is known, facilities which engaged in agricultural activities take a large share of the world’s industrial pie, so the pollution sparked by the activities of these industries is also uncondescending. Energy production from organic wastes exposed as a result of agricultural activities is an important working area; damage to the environment will also be reduced by the recovery of the wastes. In this study, hydrogen gas production from organic wastes released by agricultural activities will be demonstrated. In addition, literature review on the state of hydrogen energy from organic wastes in the world and in Turkey will be carried out.

Honey is the most known and consumed bee product by consumers. Therefore, from the past to the present, the investigation of the factors affecting the supply and consumption of honey has been on the agenda of the researchers. For this purpose, in our survey study, the effects of honey sales carried out via television channels (commercials) on consumers were investigated. According to the survey results, it was determined that 87.91% of consumers had a negative view about honey sales performed via television, 3.54% had a positive opinion, and 8.55% had no opinion on the issue. It was found that 5.83% of consumers bought honey through television commercials, and the education, income, gender and number of individuals in their households have an effect on the tendency to buy honey. Regarding the exposing of companies selling fake or adulterated honey by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, results showed that this situation positively affected 54.53 of consumers in terms of trust in honey positively, affected 13.30% of consumers negatively, and did not affect 13.30% of consumers in any way. As a result, deceptive honey commercials lead to consumer abuse and create an environment of distrust of honey. In order to minimize speculation on honey, it is seen necessary to increase deterrent penalties for businesses that lead to unfair competition.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of “biofertilizers” (N 8%, P2O5 1%, 9% K2O, 3% Iron, 0.06% Zinc, Bacillus subtilis (GBO3), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ve Bacillus pumilus) eaf applications on yield and quality parameters of bread wheat at different developmental stages. The experiment carried out for this purpose was conducted in the wheat sowing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Doğankent location of the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. In this research, “biofertilizers” leaf applications were applied to the wheat in different stages of development. For this purpose, 4 themes were worked out as; control, tillering, tillering + stem elengation and stem elengation. Biofertilizers doses of 100 gr/da in the first year and 0.75 gr/da in the second year were investigated. As a basic fertilizer for all experiment subjects; 15 kg DAP per decar were given during sowing period and 29 kg Urea during the tillering period, as a result of the research carried out; using biofertilizers in wheat farming, both in tillering and stem elengation periods, increased the yield 12.67% more efficiency in the first year and 13.16% more in the second year than the control subject. There were no statistically significant effects on quality parameters of wheat by using “biofertilizers” in foliar applications.

There are many natural growth area in Turkey and utilizability is increasingly in different areas. Berry fruits involve several species such as grape (Vitis spp.), currant (Ribes spp.), rosehip (Rosa spp.), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), pomegranate (Punica spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), bilberry (Vaccinium spp.), mulberry (Morus spp.) and cornelian cherry (Cornus spp.). Berries are soft fruits that turn from red to blue or black. They contain a good source of vitamins and minerals, and they have various phytochemical compositions that relevant to consumer health. Different varieties of berries contain quite variable concentrations of ascorbic acid, folic acid, anthocyanin, flavonol, ellagitannins and many diversity of hydroxybenzoic acid. Berries have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties due to rich content of phytochemical. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from strawberry, raspberry, pomegranate, blackberry, bilberry, mulberry and cornelian cherry against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a result of the research; It was determined that 9 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 24.65 milimeter zone diameter against Mucor racemosus in pomegranate peel extract. This value was followed by blackberry extract against Penicillium glaucum and Penicillium chrysogenum with 20.54 and 20.03 milimeter zone diameter, respectively. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species apart from Aspergillus flavus in blue bilberry extract.