Demre Sivri, Dogal Sarı Sivri and Dogal Carliston pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) species were used as test plants in the study. The research was carried out in a total of 9 plots with 3 replications according to the randomized blocks experimental design. Seeds were made into seedlings by regularly watering for about 60 days in the prepared peat and perlite mixture (1:1 V/V) in viols and planting was carried out in the greenhouse environment when they had 3-4 leaves. Irrigation processes in the research were carried out by drip irrigation method, and irrigation was carried out every 3 days during the 20 days period from planting to 7 leaves of pepper plants. In other processes, irrigation was done every 2 days until the plants were harvested. Considering the results of soil analysis in the research, fertilization was done by fertigation method (fertilization with drip irrigation) for pepper purely at 20 kg N da-1, 6 kg P2O5 da-1, 20 kg K2O da-1. In the study, nitrogen (N) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, phosphorus (P) MKP (monopotassiumphosphate) and potassium (K) potassium nitrate (KNO3) forms were applied. N, P, K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) analyzes were made in the leaf samples taken when the pepper plant reached half of the fruit size and yield were determined. According to the results of the research, Dogal Carliston stood out in the first year in terms of yield (2987 kg da-1), while Demre Sivri (2788 kg da-1) gave the highest yield in the second year.

This study was carried out in the central county of Ağrı Province in order to reveal the cattle feeding habits of cattle breeders. For this purpose, data were obtained by conducting a face-to-face survey with 400 dairy cattle owners of the enterprises in the county. According to the results obtained from this study, it was determined that 91.5% of the breeders produced their forage crops. It was also found out that barley, alfalfa, and sainfoin were the most produced plants in these enterprises. However, the production of the corn silage, which is an important source of roughage for dairy cattle, was performed at a very low level (1.2%). Dry hay (93.5%) took first place among the roughage sources used in these enterprises, and it was followed by alfalfa hay (61.5%) and wheat-barley straw (28.0%). Corn silage was used at a low level (7.8%) in the cattle enterprises. It was determined that cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province were deficient in terms of some information about cattle feeding practices. It was also demonstrated that it was necessary to increase the usage and production of corn silage as forage crops and to implement rational animal feeding practices in place of the old traditional animal feeding habits. Therefore, cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province should be involved in technical training programs about the cattle feeding and forage planting. As result of the courses given to the cattle breeders, their technical information about cattle nutrition and preparation of ration would be updated. For this purpose, it is also recommended that agricultural extension service should be boosted to increase the education level and awareness of the cattle breeders in the rural areas.

Rosehip fruit, which is widely and naturally grown in many European countries as well as in Rosehip fruit, which is widely used in Turkey as well as in European countries and grows naturally, is a very rich species in terms of vitamin C value. Due to its benefits to human health, its consumption is increasing and its use in different forms is becoming widespread. In this study, the colour, effective diffusion-activation energy, phytochemical properties and thin-layer drying patterns of rosehip fruit of the ‘Yıldız’ variety were investigated after drying in a convective dryer at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70°C). In the study, it was determined that 70°C temperature was statistically more suitable in terms of measured and calculated colour values. It has been determined that the effective diffusion value is affected by the drying temperature and the increase in temperature also increases the effective diffusion value. It has been determined that the effective diffusion value varies between 1.35×10-7-5.92×10-6 m2/sec. The activation energy value of dried rosehip samples was calculated as 69,41 kJ/mol. When the chemical analysis values were examined, when the SÇKM, total phenolic, total antioxidant substance and vitamin C values were evaluated together, it was found that the most appropriate drying temperature was 70°C statistically. Among all drying models, Midilli-Küçük and Yağcıoğlu models (R2: 0.9999) estimated the drying data best.

This study was conducted to evaluate essential oils from Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Allium sativum L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus schimperi Ronniger using four concentrations (l mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL) and three sprays against potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) late blight disease. Two improved potato varieties were planted using randomized complete block design with factorial combinations in three replications. Analysis of disease incidence means at 53 and 60 days after planting showed highly significant differences between varieties and among sources of essential oils. Furthermore, the combined effect of essential oils and potato varieties on disease severity showed significant differences. Disease severity was maintained from 25% to 48% (Jalene); 13% to 30% (Gudene) with essential oils while it was maintained between 92% and 95% (Jalene); 37% to 38% (Gudene) for control plants. The lowest disease percentage of disease severity was obtained on plants treated with A. sativum for Jalene variety while on plants sprayed with C. macrostachyus, E. globulus and T. schimperi for Gudene variety. The lowest disease progress rate 0.198/day and 0.162/day as well as values of area under disease progress curve 228% days and 93% days were obtained for varieties Jalene and Gudene, respectively. Maximum reduction in mean disease severity was exhibited by garlic for varieties Jalene (28.3%) and Gudene (16.3%), as compared to the control (93.3% for Jalene and 37.5% for Gudene). Therefore, results indicated the potentials of essential oils to minimize effects of potato late blight disease. Communities involved in potato production could use the current results as base line information to find alternative management options for late blight disease which has no effect on human health and environment. However, further investigation is required on essential oils affordability and availability to farmers across different locations.

Salinity, which is one of the abiotic stress factors, severely restricts plant production as a result of the negative effects of plants in different growth and development periods. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the tolerance limits of plants to salinity in order to eliminate the limiting effect in terms of plant growth. Flax is an industrial plant that is used for multiple purposes and has commercial importance in the world. This research was carried out in controlled laboratory conditions in 2021 to determine the effects of salinity on the germination of flax seeds. In the study, germination rate, root length, root fresh weight, shoot length and shoot fresh weight were evaluated. The result showed that significant differences between different NaCl solutions for all evaluated characters. Although the highest value was obtained in the control group in Mures variety, the highest value was obtained in 25 nM NaCl concentration in all other characters except for the germination rate in Dakota variety. The highest germination rate of 93.3% was obtained from the control application (0 mM NaCl) in both varieties. On the other hand, there was no germination in both varieties in 200 mM application.

Broiler production supplements income of smallholder farm households. Profitability and productivity and analysis are important considerations in measuring efficiency or performance of a farm business; hence, improved output and income are not only a function of increase in the scale of production, but also how efficiently the resources are being utilized. This study therefore estimates the profitability and level of productivity among broiler farmers in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select respondents for this study. Primary data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting model and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) analysis. The study revealed that the net farm income of broiler production was ₦96,900/flock size; suggesting a relatively profitable venture with prospects for improved economic potentials. The estimated percentage profit margin was 45.6%; indicative of the percentage net margin accruable to the farmer from the estimated gross margin and benefit-cost ratio was 0.84. Furthermore, most (54.3%) of broiler farmers were sub-optimally productive as their TFP indices were below the optimal scale; attributable to sub-efficient input mix and cost of production inputs. In addition, constraints of broiler production in the study area included the following; high cost of feeds (92.9); high cost of chicks (85.7%); financial constraints (80%); high cost of poultry equipment (55.7%); high cost of medication (35.7); disease outbreak (28.6%) and inefficient market system (21.4%). Improving access to and subsidy of poultry feeds, chicks, production inputs and credit, extension, medical services and cooperative formation for market linkages are strongly recommended.

Climate change is one of the biggest global environmental problems faced by mankind in recent times. Therefore, determining the knowledge and awareness levels of individuals on this issue is very important in terms of contributing to the solutions to be developed in the fight against climate change at the local level. In this study, it is aimed to determine the approaches, consciousness and awareness levels of Kırşehir Ahi Evran University students and local people about climate change in Kırşehir. The main material of the research consisted of primary data obtained from 250 face-to-face surveys applied to students and the public. Related literatures are also secondary data. The survey questions include questions about the individual characteristics of the person (gender, age, education level, job), climate change awareness level, and the effects of climate change on agriculture and water resources. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical package program. In the evaluation of the data, descriptive statistics, frequency tables and graphical representations were used. As a result of the analyzes performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, it is seen that there are statistically significant differences between the education groups in the variables of climate change awareness level and climate change risk perception level (P0.05), and there was a statistically significant difference between the occupational group averages in the climate change risk perception level (P

The rapid increase in the world population increases the need for plant and animal food. Agriculture and animal husbandry practices are becoming more common day by day to meet the need for food and to obtain more products. This situation increases the amount of waste per unit of animal products. Increased animal excrement is associated with greenhouse gas emissions, harms the environment and animal health. One of these greenhouse gases, methane, increases animal production and poses a significant threat to global warming. Feeding research, which optimizes rumens and animal productivity to reduce ruminant methane emissions, is one of the hottest topics today. The purpose of this study is to evaluate feed distribution in terms of chemical composition, methane production, net energy, and organic matter digestibility by collecting forage and concentrates from various ranches in Niğde. Therefore, to increase the productivity of livestock on small farms in Turkey, the ratio of feed ingredients was determined on a farm basis, and there were some comments on the lower and upper limits of the fattening rate. Gas and methane production of TMR samples was determined using in vitro gas production technology. Nutrient contents obtained from different livestock farms CP (9.58-14.72), CF (1.89- 2.30), CA (7.64-13.92), ADF (19.77-27.82) NDF (36.71-45.69) DM (90.48-91.79) content, methane (CH₄), OMS, NEL and ME values were also different (P

In this study, we aimed to determine the therapeutic value of local Yığılca honeys by examining their physicochemical characteristics, phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial properties by underlining some overlooked parameters. Honey samples ware divided into two main groups as CH and FH based on melissopalynologycal analysis. Antimicrobial activity of collected honey samples were investigated on important hospital-acquired infections bacteria strains; MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MSSA (Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus), Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Although CH’s antimicrobial activities were found slightly higher than the FH’s, there isn’t statistically significant differences between two type honeys. However, the antioxidant activity of CH was found significantly higher than FH. Surprisingly, a higher amount of isomaltose was determined in addition to the total phenolic content in CH compared to FH. There has been found positive correlation between isomaltose amount and zone diameters for MRSA and A. baumannii. We would like to draw attention to isomaltose for its health benefit structure since these parameters may be influence honey’s therapeutic value. We recommend that isomaltose and invertase enzyme should be included in to the honey codex standards suitably depending on the monofloral and multifloral honey’s specific structure, to sensitively standardize and control their quality and therapeutic value. Our data revealed a positive correlation between antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content and higher isomaltose amount.

This study was conducted to determine the associations of some milking traits and milk yield in water buffalo farms located in Bafra district of Samsun province. In total, 37 Anatolian Buffalo farms enrolled to Buffalo Breeders Association (BBA) were evaluated by applying face to face survey on the current milking practices and farm characteristics in February 2020. Number of milking cows (NM), number of workers (NW), age of the milker (AM), experience of the milker (EM), education of the farm owner (EO) and hygiene score of the milking parlor (HM) were evaluated as the farm traits affecting daily milk yield (dMY). Milking type (MT), milking frequency (MF), udder cleaning pre-milking (UC1), udder cleaning post-milking (UC2), giving feed after milking (GF) and milking duration (MD) were selected as the milking practices affecting dMY. It was concluded that dMY was significantly affected by AM, EM, EO and MD.