The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of ultrasound application on the probiotic characteristics and antioxidant activity of yeasts. In this context, the pH changes, probiotic properties and antioxidant activities of K. marxianus (Km), S. boulardii (Sb) and S. cerevisiae (Sc) were determined by ultrasound application at different durations (5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes at 24 kHz). The lowest pH values were determined for cultures of Km (ultrasound non-applied K. marxianus), Sb-30 (30 min. ultrasound applied S. boulardii) and Sc-5 (5 min. ultrasound applied S. cerevisiae) as 4.48, 5.15 and 5.26, respectively. The hydrophobicity values of the yeast strains varied between 6% and 24%, increased with ultrasound application. Although S. boulardii had the highest tolerance to low pH and bile salts, the resistance of all yeast to low pH and bile salts decreased with ultrasound application. K. marxianus had the least survival under in vitro conditions, but ultrasound application increased survival of K. marxianus strains and slightly affected the survival rate of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae. Increasing of duration time of ultrasound application resulted higher antioxidant activity and so the highest antioxidant activity was determined for Sb-60. Finally, ultrasound application could be used for the development of hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties of yeast cultures.

Regulation of starch biosynthesis in higher land plants: new avenues for modifying starch. This article reviews current knowledge of starch metabolism in higher plants, and especially the control and regulation of the biosynthetic and degradative pathways. The possibility of designing starches for industrial uses by genetic manipulation requires understanding of the biochemical mechanism of starch granule formation and the control of enzymes and protein complexes. The regulation by hormones, sugars and circadian rhythms is discussed as well as the genetic of key enzymes of this pathway. In particular, the review focuses on the methods for biochemical and physiochemical starch and production of modified starches. | En este artículo se revisa el estado del conocimiento sobre el metabolismo del almidón en las plantas superiores y específicamente los mecanis­mos de control y regulación de las rutas de síntesis y degradación. Se considera que para obtener almidones, mediante manipulación genética, es necesario conocer los mecanismos bioquímicos que intervienen en la formación del gránulo de almidón y las enzimas participantes. Se discuten los mecanismos de la regulación hormonal y circadiana de los azúcares y la genética individual de las principales enzimas implicadas. Se revisan en particular los métodos empleados en la caracterización bioquímica y fisico química y el estado del conocimiento actual de la producción de almidones modificados.

Bu çalışmada; Türkiye'de kırsal alanlarda ısınma amaçlı olarak kullanılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneşte kurutulmuş sığır gübresi külünün (SGK) farklı oranlarda çimento yerine kullanılmasının, hafif betonun basınç dayanımı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, hafif agrega olarak pomza bağlayıcı olarak da CEM I 42,5 R tipi çimento ve SGK ikamesi kullanılmıştır. Karışımlara çimento yerine ağırlıkça belirli oranlarda (%0, %5, %10, %15 ve %20) SGK ikame edilerek 5 grup halinde toplam 45 adet 150×150×150 mm’lik küp numune üretilmiştir. Taze beton deneyleri olarak-birim ağırlık deneyleri; serleşmiş beton deneyleri olarak da kuru birim ağırlık, su emme ve basınç dayanımı deneyleri yapılmıştır. SGK kullanılan numunelerde, SGK ikamesinin artması ile kontrol örneklerine göre su emme miktarında bir miktar artış, basınç dayanımlarında ise bir miktar düşüş görülmüştür. %5, %10, %15 ve %20 oranlarında SGK ikamesi ile üretilen numunelerin 28 günlük basınç dayanımı düşüş değerleri kontrol örnekleri ile karşılaştırıldığında sırasıyla %4, %4,6, %5,5 ve %6 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çimento yerine %20 SGK ikamesinin uygulanması, numunelerin 28 günlük basınç dayanımlarında %6’lık bir azalma gözlemlenmiştir.

Se evaluaron cuatro familias de hermanos completos de zapallo, Cucurbita moschata Duch, provenientes de dos ciclos de estabilización genética mediante cruzamientos fraternales y seleccionadas por mayor contenido de materia seca (MS) en el fruto y buenas características para consumo en fresco. La familia F7a sobresalió por su mayor contenido de materia MS en el fruto (15.86% ± 2.17) en comparación con el testigo comercial Unapal-Bolo Verde (10.68% ± 2.08), forma esférica levemente achatada, color externo amarillo claro, color de pulpa amarilla a salmón, espesor de pulpa de 3.71 ± 0.58 cm y peso promedio del fruto de 3.10 ± 0.73 kg, que la convierte en una alternativa para consumo en fresco. | Four full-sib families of squash, Cucurbita moschata Duch, from two cycles of genetic stability through crosses fraternal and selected by a higher content of dry matter in fruit and good characteristics for fresh consumption was evaluated. The F7a family had at increased dry matter content in fruit (15.86% ± 2.17) compared with the control-commercial Unapal Bolo Verde (10.68% ± 2.08), slightly flattened spherical form, external color yellow, light yellow flesh color to salmon, flesh thickness of 3.71 cm ± 0.58 and average fruit weight of 3.10 kg ± 0.73, which makes it an alternative for fresh consumption.

A field experiment was conducted out of college of agriculture and forestry during the growing season of 2007- 2008. The aim of the present study is to determine the damage of the larvae of wheat leaf miner larvae Syringopais temperatella Led., for two wheat varieties Um-RAbee & Tell-Afar3.. The result of this research revealed that the percentage of infested plants and leaves were positively proportional with increasing the number of larvae and negatively to the crops components. The injury was more obvious with the bread wheat variety (Tell-Afar 3) in which it was observed that the larvae favorites this variety more than the other one especially when added 100 larva / m2 at 12 / 4 / 2008 in percentage of infested plants & leaves reached 96.66 and 90.79 % respectively. Moreover, Tell-Afar3 variety gave the lowest values in the characteristics (leave area, weight of flag leave, weight of biological yield, number of spikes, length of spike, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ) with an averages of (9.07 cm 2, 0.046 mg, 425.00 g/m2, 200.00 spike / m2, 2.65 cm, 7.56 grain / spike, 33.18 g and 144.00 g/m2), for each, respectively. Whereas the durum wheat variety Um-RAbee was less favorite from larvae in which it was reflected in the percentage of number of infested plants and leaves plants and yield components in which the lowest percentage of infested plants and leaves were 83.33 and 67.89 % ,respectively. As well as it was showed increase in the characteristics (leave area, weight of flag leave, weight of biological yield, number of spikes, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ) with an average mean of (10.87 cm 2, 0.057 mg, 480.00 g/m2, 216.33 spike /m2, 9.30 grain / spike, 38.55 g and 167.63 g/m2) for each, respectively.

İnsanların beslenmesinde gluten içeren besinler önemli yer tutmaktadır. Gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklar bulunmakta olup bunlar çölyak hastalığı, buğdaya karşı IgE aracılı alerji ve çölyak dışı gluten duyarlılığı olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Bireylerin gluten duyarlılıkları arasında farklılıklar olup gluten duyarlılığı olan bireylerin gluten içeren besinleri tüketmeleri durumunda en başta bağırsak dokusu olmak üzere birçok dokuda histopatolojik yapılarında ve otoimmun sistemlerinde önemli değişiklikler meydana gelebilir. Dokuların histopatolojik yapısındaki değişiklikler dokulara göre değişmektedir. Otoimmun sistemdeki değişiklikler ise Transglutaminaz, Gliadin, IgA, IgG, CD4 ve CD8 gibi parametrelerden en az birinin veya birkaçının incelenmesi ile tespit edilebilir. Gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklarda etkili tedavi şekli glutensiz/gluten kısıtlı diyet olmakla birlikte bağışıklık sisteminde rol alan mekanizma ve moleküllerin saptanması yeni tedavi yöntemlerini oluşturulmasına yol gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada amaç gluten ve gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklar arasındaki ilişkinin derlemesidir.

Se colectaron picudos de Cosmopolites y Metamasius en municipios del Valle del Cauca, Caldas y Quindío. Se obtuvieron cultivos monospóricos con diluciones de 10-10 y 10-11. Los aislamientos fueron almacenados a -80°C con glicerol al 10% y el ADN a -20°C. Los marcadores moleculares RAM generaron 82 fragmentos de los cuales 67% fueron polimórficos con una heterocigocidad de 0.24, que indica diversidad media a alta. A un índice de similitud 0.84 se formaron 5 grupos: uno con 11 aislamientos y 4 con un solo aislamiento. En el gran grupo se detectó un duplicado y se encontró diversidad del hongo en los sitios muestreados. No se encontró relación entre aislamientos sobre Cosmopolites y Metamasius o zona geográfica en la formación de grupos genéticos. | Weevils Cosmopolites and Metamasius in municipalities of the Valle del Cauca, Caldas and Quindío departaments of Colombia were collected. Monosporic cultures were obtained from10-10 and 10-11 dilutions of Beauveria bassiana. Isolates were kept at -80°C with 10% glycerol and DNA stored at -20°C. RAMs molecular markers generated a total of 82 fragments of which 67% were polymorphic. A heterozygosity value of 0.24 indicated a medium - high diversity. Five groups were formed which have a similarity value of 0.84 and one big group with 11 isolates and four groups with only one isolate. In the big group was detected a duplicate and fungi genetic diversity in the sampled places. Neither relationship among isolates of Cosmopolites and Metamasius nor geographical zone related to the formation of genetic groups.