In this study 384 Turkish originated oat genotypes obtained from different gene banks, were characterized and evaluated for agronomical traits with four commercial cultivars (Checota, Sebat, Faikbey and Seydişehir) under augmented experiment design for 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 cropping years. Oat landraces were evaluated for stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), vegetative period (VP), grain filling period (GFP), days to maturity (DM), grain number per panicle (GNP), grain weight per panicle (GWP), thousand kernel weight (TKW), lodging (LOD), barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and single row yield (SRY) under Kahramanmaraş conditions. According to the results of field trail for two years, differences of genotypes were significant for SD, PH, PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. However, the components such as SD, PL, VP, GFP, DM, GNP, GWP, TKW and SRY were significantly changed for the years and year x genotype interactions were also significant for PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. The landraces performed better than the commercial ones for the most of the evaluated traits. The SRW ranged between 4.65 g (TL444) to 202.1 g (TL614). Moreover, the other genotypes with the higher SRY were TL708, TL714, TL734 and TL703 genotypes with 167.85, 160.25, 153.90 and 149.7 g SRY, respectively.

In order to investigate diversity and explain the relationships of essential oil yield with morphological traits, 84 populations T. polycephalum, were sown in the field using randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates in Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2013-2014. Data were collected for flowering date, growth degree days (GDD), stem number, plant height, dry matter (DM) yield, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. The relationships among traits were determined using correlation, regression and factor analysis. The genetic distance and genotype classification were determined using cluster analysis. DM yield was positively correlated with plant height, canopy cover, stem number and oil yield (ρ<0.01), whereas oil% was negatively correlated with plant height and stem number (ρ<0.05). Result of stepwise regression in which essential oil yield were considered as dependent variable showed that essential oil%, and DM yield accounted for 39.95 and 47.75%, of the total variations in essential oil production, respectively. In factor analysis, the Eigen values obtained from 1 to 3 factors were higher than one with 88.9% of total variations. In the first factor, traits of DM yield, plant height, canopy cover, stems number, and in the second factor flowering date, GDD and oil yield and in the third factor oil% had higher Eigen vector coefficients for genotype classification. In cluster analysis, genotypes were categorized in four groups. According to the obtained results, cluster 1 for early maturity, clusters 3 for plant height canopy cover, stems number, DM yield and essential oil production and cluster4, for essential oil%, had significantly higher mean values than other groups. There was a good agreement between the results obtained from cluster and factor analyses in scatter diagram representation of 84 genotypes based on the first and second factors. It was concluded that population of cluster 3 are capable to breeding improved new cultivars and should be focused on selection higher aerial biomass yield, plant height, flower number, essential oil%, coupled with early flowering date. | Para investigar la diversidad y explicar las relaciones del rendimiento de aceite esencial con rasgos morfológicos, 84 poblaciones de T. polycephalum fueron sembradas en el campo utilizando diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres réplicas en el Instituto de Investigación de Bosques y Pastizales, Teherán, Irán en 2013-2014. Los datos fueron colectados para la fecha de floración, días de grado de crecimiento (DGC), número de tallos, altura de planta, rendimiento de materia seca (MS), porcentaje de aceite esencial y rendimiento de aceite esencial. Las relaciones entre las características agronómicas se determinaron mediante correlación, regresión y análisis factorial. La distancia genética y la clasificación del genotipo, se determinaron mediante análisis de conglomerados. El rendimiento de MS se correlacionó positivamente con la altura de la planta, cobertura del dosel, número de tallos y rendimiento de aceite (ρ <0.01), mientras que el% de aceite esencial se correlacionó negativamente con la altura de la planta y el número de tallos (ρ <0.05). El resultado de la regresión gradual en la cual el rendimiento de aceite esencial se consideró como variable dependiente mostró que el% de aceite esencial y el rendimiento de MS representaron 39.95 y 47.75% de las variaciones totales en la producción de aceite esencial, respectivamente. En el análisis de factores, los valores de Eigen obtenidos de 1 a 3 factores fueron mayores que uno con 88.9% de las variaciones totales. En el primer factor, los rasgos de rendimiento de MS, altura de la planta, cobertura del dosel, número de tallos y en la segunda fecha de floración del factor, DGC y producción de aceite esencial y en el tercer factor, % de aceite esencial, tuvieron coeficientes de vectores Eigen más altos para la clasificación del genotipo. En el análisis de conglomerados, los genotipos se categorizaron en cuatro grupos. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el grupo 1 para madurez temprana, los grupos 3 para cobertura vegetal del dosel, el número de tallos, el rendimiento de MS y la producción de aceite esencial y el grupo 4, para% de aceite esencial, tuvieron valores promedio significativamente más altos que otros grupos. Hubo una buena concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos de los análisis de grupos y factores en la representación del diagrama de dispersión de 84 genotipos en función del primer y el segundo factor. Se concluyó que la población del grupo 3 es capaz de producir nuevos cultivares mejorados y debe centrarse en la selección de mayor rendimiento de biomasa aérea, altura de la planta, número de flores, % de aceite esencial, junto con la fecha de floración temprana.

Applying different technological processes during the production of food has a lethal effect on the bacteria but DNA of these bacterial strains may cause false positive results when detected by real time PCR technique because they preserve their existence for a certain period of time. To overcome this shortcoming of the real time PCR technique, a new method has been developed in recent years, based on the removal of dead cell DNA from the medium by treatment with Propodium Monoazide (PMA) before DNA extraction. In this study, real-time PCR method was combined with PMA application for the detection of live cells of Salmonella Typhimurium in heat treated milk samples. For this purpose, milk samples inoculated with S. Tyhimurium were heat treated at different temperatures (60, 65, 70 and 75°C) and times (15, 60, 300, 900 sec) and number of live bacteria was determined comparatively by direct real-time PCR, PMA/real-time PCR and conventional cultural method. As a result, unlike the direct real time PCR technique, PMA/real-time PCR method prevents to a certain extent of false positive results from dead cells at all tested temperatures and times but higher results were obtained from PMA/real-time PCR method when compared to conventional cultural results. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to optimize the conditions of the PMA application in order to eliminate the high positive results detected by the PMA / real-time PCR method

186 accessions of 9 species of Brachiaria were established in a design of fringes divided on 2 repetitions. In the third year seeds were evaluated to test their potencial under 2 different fertility levels: a) One recommended in order to establish pastures; b) Other in order to establish a system composed rice-pasture. The yield and the seed weight unit did not present significant differences (P | 186 accesiones de 9 especies de Brachiaria, se establecieron en un diseño de franjas divididas, con 2 repeticiones, para evaluar 2 niveles de fertilidad: a) el recomendado para establecer pasturas; b) el nivel para establecer un sistema integrado arroz-pastos. En el tercer año se evaluó el potencial de rendimiento de semillas. En las pruebas de germinación y latencia se evaluó el efecto de 2 tratamientos: 1) Agua y 2) Semilla escarificada en ácido sulfúrico; las de b. humidicola se trataron con Nitrato de Potasio. El rendimiento promedio y el Peso Unidad de las semillas no presentaron diferencias significativas (P

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.

Between April and July 2010, the effects of different agroforestry systems with rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell) on the physical properties of soil in hilly area in the municipalities of Belén de los Andaquíes, Florencia and El Doncello (Department of Caquetá, Colombia) were evaluated. H. brasiliensis Muell as monoculture and associated with fruit trees (SAF) and secondary vegetation (SAR) were compared against secondary forest (Bs) and native pasture (PNA). A completely randomized two-factor design was arranged with five treatments (SAF, SAR, Mhe, Bs, and PNA) and two horizons (H-A, H-B). Relationships between physical variables between treatments were explored by using a principal component analysis, and the effect of agroforestry arrangements was assessed with a test of Monte Carlo. Compaction, real density and gravimetric moisture were similar (P> 0.05) in H-A of Pna and Mhe. A positive significant effect (P <0.05) of H. brasiliensis Muell in bulk density, soil compaction and total porosity in H-A of SAF and SAR systems compared with the same properties in Bs was found. In general, the incidence of agroforestry arrangements modifying soil physical variables in the Amazon piedmont was observed. | En los municipios Belén de los Andaquies, Florencia y El Doncello (departamento de Caquetá, Colombia), se colectaron muestras de suelo en lomerío bajo cinco tipos de cobertura (Bosque secundario, Arreglo Agroforestal H. brasiliensis Muell asociado con frutales y/o frutales, Arreglo Agroforestal con H. brasiliensis Muell y rastrojo, H. brasiliensis Muell en monocultivo y Pastura nativa), con el fin de determinar la incidencia que tienen los sistemas agroforestales con Hevea brasiliensis sobre las propiedades físicas de los suelos. Se encontró que el comportamiento de las variables profundidad del horizonte A, compactación, densidad real y humedad gravimétrica es similar en suelos bajo monocultivo de H. brasiliensis y bajo pastura nativa. El efecto positivo de la especie H. brasiliensis en sistemas agroforestales con frutales y con rastrojos se evidenció en las variables profundidad del horizonte A, densidad aparente, compactación y porosidad total, las cuales se comportaron en forma similar a las de suelos bajo bosque secundario. En general se observa la incidencia de los arreglos agroforestales sobre la modificación de variables físicas del suelo en el piedemonte amazónico.