During the production of olive oil two types of waste are generated: wastewater and olive pomace. Since these wastes have high biochemical and chemical oxygen needs, they have harmful effects on the environment. However, in addition to these damages, many bioactive compounds in olive are transferred to wastewater and pomace during oil processing. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein are bioactive components that are dominantly found in both olive oil wastewater and pomace, and these compounds have many bioactivities that positively affect human health. As a result of scientific studies, it has been proven that hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein compounds exhibit various bioactivities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, cardioprotective effect, neuroprotective effect, chemoprevention properties, antidiabetic effect, antimicrobial and antiviral effect. These wastes are recycled in various sectors such as food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to the bioactive components they contain. It has been reported by scientific studies that wastewater and pomace contain phenolic compounds, pectic polysaccharides and fibers. These can be used as natural preservatives, antioxidants, food enrichers, packaging materials in the food industry. In this review, the production methods, chemical and biological properties of olive oil wastewater and pomace and studies investigating the use potential of these wastes in the food sector are compiled.

Information and communication technology (ICT) tools such as radio, television, mobile phone, the internet, computers are gaining momentum in the development discourse of the agriculture sector in Nepal. In agriculture extension, ICT tools fill the void that traditional agriculture extension cannot address. So, this study aimed at assessing the paddy farmers' knowledge, perception, and satisfaction on ICT tools in Jhapa, Kapilbastu, and Kailai districts following a multistage purposive sampling method. A survey research design was used for the study. Pretested semi-structured interview schedule was employed to randomly selected 390 sample respondents. Descriptive statistics along with the appropriately developed scales were used in the data analysis. The findings revealed that respondents were moderately aware (0.44) of the significant roles of ICT tools. Respondents do have more knowledge on the radio (0.87), TV (0.85), and mobile phones (0.76), whereas the majority possess TV (94%), radio (93%), and mobile phones (88%) among ICT tools. Farmers from Bardiya were more aware of the roles of ICT as compared to other study districts. Likewise, Radio and TV were the primary ICT tools used for agriculture-related information. Respondents had high skills in using radio and TV for information but poor skills in using the computer in all study districts. Most of the respondents positively perceived (0.14) ICT tools and were satisfied (0.23) with them, but their use was limited to radio, TV, and mobile phones. In addition, farmers of Kapilbastu districts were less satisfied with the use of ICT tools as compared to other study districts.

Forecasting of vegetable area, production, and productivity of Nepal was made from the historical data of 1977/78 to 2019/20 by using the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The best fitted ARIMA models were chosen based on the minimum value of the selection criterion, Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model was found suitable for all areas and production, whereas ARIMA (0, 2, 0) model was best fitted for forecasting vegetable productivity. The model was cross-validated by comparing the point prediction with the actual test series data from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The performances of models were determined from the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) value. The MAPE was found to be 2.70%, 2.40%, and 3.80%, respectively for the prediction of area, production, and productivity. The forecast was made for the immediate five years (2020/21 to 2024/25), and it showed an increasing value for area and production while the forecasts of productivity had lower values. The vegetable production policy in Nepal should be planned following accurate forecasts to increase production in the upcoming years. Awareness among the vegetable growers should be raised in the following years with appropriate extension programs.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships of udder surface temperature (UST) with milk components, and somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows during the hot season. The study was carried out with 115 lactating dairy cows (Holstein, Simmental, and Holstein × Simmental) at a private dairy farm in Samsun, Turkey, with monthly visits. The UST was measured from the udder surface before cleaning and milking. At the same time, a portable cell counter and an automatic milk analyzer were used to determine the components and the SCC of the raw milk. The UST values of the cows changed significantly. Increased UST had an adverse effect on milk solids-non-fat (SNF), protein, lactose, and density levels. LogSCC values of cow groups with UST ≤35.0°C, 35.1-36.0°C, >36.0°C were found to be 4.475±0.0803, 4.774±0.1244, and 4.981±0.1491 respectively. The UST negatively correlated with SNF, protein, lactose, density, and freezing point, but positively correlated with LogSCC. As a result, performing UST measurements before milking may be beneficial to monitor udder health and to obtain high quality milk.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a severe and most destructive pest of cruciferous vegetables in many parts of the world, including Nepal. The natural history and ecology of the diamondback moth are summarized here, along with appropriate management options. Caterpillar is the most devastating stage of DBM that matures and causes “windowing” damage, leaving only the epidermis. Biological control, cultural practices, effective chemical control, botanical pesticides, and host plant resistance are the most viable options. Insecticide abuse and resistance concerns are likely to persist, as numerous research-based outcomes have proven that none of these measures will suffice independently. However, these techniques can complement each other and result in a better long-term management system when combined. This review highlights the integrated eco-friendly management strategies for DBM and other cruciferous insect pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which focuses on sustainable production, has shown promising results. Modern management techniques include genetic modification, use of parasitoids, modified cultural methods, the precautionary application of chemicals, resistant cultivars, fungal, bacterial (Bt. based biopesticides), and viral entomopathogens, etc., which are found to be more effective and eco-friendlier.

The province of Istanbul, Şile District has a very advantageous position for beekeeping in terms of its geographical structure and vegetation. The main purpose of this research is to reveal some general characteristics of the beekeeping producers in the Şile District of Istanbul, to evaluate the use of chemicals, and to determine the problems in the production stages. In this evaluation on beekeeping activities, the data obtained through the questionnaire applied to 69 beekeepers in 36 villages in Şile Region were used. With the questions asked in this survey study, detailed data were obtained on many subjects such as the education status of the producers, their experiences, bee colony assets, honey yields, and diseases and pests control. The issues in beekeeping activities are discussed as education, queen production or supply, diseases and pests control. It has been found that the winter colony losses are quite high and the productivity is quite low in the region.

Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient for plants, and its deficiency causes serious yield losses by inhibiting plant growth and development. Detailed studies have been carried out for many years on the uptake of available iron in the soil by plants and its transport to plant organs. These studies proved that Fe can be transported in chelated form with some organic substances including peptides and amino acids. However, detailed studies have not been conducted on the uptake of peptide- or amino acid-chelated Fe into the plant or its transport between organs. Few studies have focused on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) and drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) families. The possible roles of the recently discovered UMAMIT amino acid transporter family have not been studied in iron transport in plants yet. In this review, the transporter families responsible for the uptake and translocation of iron were summarized. Then, the roles of the OPT, DMT, and UMAMIT families in transporting iron-peptide and iron-amino acid complexes were discussed in detail.

Tea is the most consumed drink after water as well as is one of the prevalent and the cheapest beverage which consumed globally. Tea is considered a healthy beverage due to the presence of several antioxidants and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium & manganese. Different kinds of teas are manufactured in different countries based on taste, habit and culture of the people. Normally, tea can be categorized into three groups: green tea (unfermented), Oolong tea (partially fermented) and black tea (fully fermented) based on tea processing. Tea is a rich source of polyphenols and now-a-days interest in the possible health benefits of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, has increased owing to their antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. The rising demand of tea is considered one of the significant components for the worldwide beverage market growth. Tea industry makes a vital contribution to the economy of the respective tea producing countries like China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Kenya etc. At the present time with the rising demand of tea it is needed to emphasize for exploring alternative means of increasing profits from tea cultivation. The tea market price is low in Different countries like Srilanka, India, Bangladesh, Kenya etc. comprises with high cost of production. For this reason, there is no alternatives rather than product diversification of tea through value addition which can be an important approach to mitigate the impacts of low market price and high production costs. This review broadly focuses on the issues leading to the development of wide range of tea and tea product diversification. This paper is also associated health benefits with different types of tea, nutraceutical beverage, confectionary items, toiletries and cosmeceuticals which being commercialized in different parts of the world which are gaining consumer acceptance and also face the challenges of global marketing by tea industries that’s are described in this paper.

In this study, it is aimed to redesign some of the landscape equipment of Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park with a parametric design approach and to compare the park with the existing ones. For this purpose, the landscape equipment’s in Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park, which was determined as the study material, were photographed, and analyzed. Using these data, opinions were taken from a group of ten experts, and it was determined which equipment should be redesigned. By targeting the redesigns to be made within the scope of the study, a literature search was made on the concept of Parametric Design and the examples made with parametric design were examined. Models of the new reinforcement elements proposed for Konyaaltı Expo 2016 Park were prepared with the Grasshopper tool and rendered images taken with the help of Lumion software. The evaluation of these designs in terms of aesthetics, economics and functionality, their suitability and how acceptable they are, was determined by asking the experts through a questionnaire. In line with the results of the survey, existing reinforcement elements and parametric design reinforcement elements were compared, and the possibilities and possible restrictions were examined.