The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorization of the cocoa bean varieties “Mercedes” and “Forastero” grown in Côte d’Ivoire. A comparative characterisation of phenolic compounds and minerals in the beans of the “Mercedes” and “Forastero” varieties from two major cocoa production areas of Côte d’Ivoire were determined. The phenolic compounds of cocoa beans were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study showed that a significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of minerals, cinnamic acid, protocatechic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, rutin, ellagic acid, veratric acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid and naringenin. On the other hand, no significant difference at the 5% level was observed in the averages of arbutin, catechin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid in the bean kernels analysed in the Divo and Abengourou regions. The proportion of cinnamic acid is (6.18±0.63 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo), that of ellagic acid is (18.48±0.44 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo) and that of naringenin is (5.95±0.35 mg/100g “Mercedes” Divo). The amount of potassium is (7569.97±1.51 mg/kg “Forastero” of Abengourou) and that of iron is (179.9 ± 0.70 mg/Kg “Forastero” of Divo). The phenolic compounds and minerals in the cocoa bean samples analysed are highly correlated and rich in antioxidants. They would be beneficial for many biological functions. They can be recommended in pharmacology and cosmetics to fight against oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the study was to analyse innovations implemented in the milk and meat industries, and their impact on increasing competitiveness. The study showed that the 2010-12 period saw the most product and process innovations being introduced. On the other hand, innovations in marketing were found to be more popular in 2013. Three groups of similar innovations were distinguished. The milk industry stood out when it comes to the extent of innovations implemented. Fewer innovations were found in the poultry meat industry. Beef and pork meat processing was the least innovative. The innovativeness of enterprises is greater with larger numbers of employees and the increase in scope of their field of operation. The implementation of innovations resulted in: improvement of the quality of goods (services), increase in stock, productive capabilities and revenues from sales, emergence of new markets, increase in competitiveness and prestige of the firm. Those are confirmed by the very good performance of foreign trade and better competitiveness rates of Polish meat producers.

We, here, aimed to determine the presence of Anguillicola crassus, a swim bladder parasite, in 89 (male: 45, female: 44) dead European eel specimens obtained seasonally between 2020-2021 from a regional fisherman, who has fished with fyke net in the locality Tuzla of Izmir Bay, Eastern Aegean Sea. Out of 21 male European eels caught in winter, only one specimen (TL: 48.5 cm and TW: 247.12 g) had 23 swim bladder parasites (adult nematodes: 15, larvae: 8) and similarly, only one parasite was found in one specimen (TL: 37.5 cm and TW: 88.47 g) of 8 eels caught in spring. No parasite was found in the female eels. At the examinations, it was determined that all adult Anguillicola crassus specimens were females and the minimum-maximum and average length values in adult and larval parasites were, respectively, 1.5-2.5 cm (1.99 ± 0.31) and 0.7-1.3 cm (1.025 ± 2.40). Consequently, the species A. crassus, a swim bladder parasite, was found in European eels from the locality Çamalti Tuzla in two seasons (winter and spring) and this parasitic nematode were only in male eels. This study is a first and remarkable one having evidential value, which shows the presence of the species A. crassus among the eel population in the locality Çamalti Tuzla of Izmir Bay. Besides, it is a population that should be monitored due to the status of Anguilla anguilla on the IUCN red list.

In order to stablishment the irrigation suitability of the Soils in the flat Cauca Valley (Colombia), It was necessary to applying the model in 4840 ha in the pilot area. The soil survey was revised and adjusted its taxonomy, and complement with the laboratories analysis in soil samples. Climatological study was doing so, in order to determinate the cuantity water contribution and quality of the irrigation water. The actual use map was doing too. Applying the model proposed by Arévalo and Botero (1990) land management units was determinated. Over these was analised their suitability with respect some Irrigation Management Types and Land Use Types and: theirs requirements. They are: sugar cane with furrow and sprinkler irrigations, cotton and bean with sprinkler irrigation and rice with flooding irrigation method. The land suitability was stablishment on basis approaching grade between Land Use Types and irrigation method requirements and Land Unites conditions. The potencial suitability was found too. | Para determinar la aptitud para riego de los suelos de la parte plana del Valle del Río Cauca (Colombia) se tomó como área piloto un sector representativo 4840 ha que la CVC (1970) ha tomado como zona piloto de regulación de aguas y manejo de suelos. La zona fue seleccionada por la variabilidad de suelos, uso de la tierra y régimen de lluvias. Siguiendo la metodología de levantamiento de suelos se revisó y ajustó el ya existente. Complementando con análisis de laboratorio, estudio climatológico para cuantificar aportes de agua y caracterización de calidad de aguas. Así mismo se hizo el mapa de uso actual de la tierra. Con base en lo anterior se definieron las unidades de Manejo de Tierras como se explica en la metodología expuesta por Arévalo y Botero (1990), evaluando la aptitud de cada Unidad para diferentes Tipos de Manejo Bajo Riego y Tipos de Uso de la Tierra; entre los que se analizaron caña de azúcar con riego por surcos y aspersión, algodón y soya con riego por aspersión y arroz por inundación. La aptitud de la tierra se determinó por el grado de acercamiento entre los requerimientos del cultivo y las condiciones de la Unidad de Tierra. También se encontró la aptitud potencial.

The present study, it was aimed to determine the effect of antioxidants added to culture media on blastocyst development rates in in vitro embryo production. The material of the study consisted of oocytes collected from the ovaries taken from the slaughterhouse. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were collected and classified under a stereomicroscope. Oocytes included in the study were subjected to maturation and fertilization stages. Probable zygotes were transferred to the culture (IVC) containing antioxidants (L-ergothionine 100 μM (n: 163), Vitamin E 100 μM (n: 151) Cysteamine 50 μM (n: 154) and were cultured in a tri gas incubator (Hera Cell- 6% O2%, 6%CO2, 88%N). Blastocyst rates and embryo quality were determined on the 6th and 7th days in culture medium. Differences in IVMFC stages were evaluated by chi-square test. 966 oocytes were collected from 162 ovaries collected from the slaughterhouse. It was determined that the number of oocytes per ovary was 5,96, and the number of A and B quality oocytes was 4.26. It was determined that 655 (94.93%) of a total of 690 oocytes undergoing in vitro maturation were mature. The cleavage rates of the groups were 83.44%; 80.79%; 79.87%, and 83.96%, respectively. 140 (21.37%) blastocysts were obtained from 655 oocytes taken into the culture stage and the blastocyst rates in the groups were 33.13%; 8.61%; 7.79%, and 32.62%, respectively. As a result of the study, it was determined that the rates of blastocysts in the L-ergothioneine added the group was similar to the control group, but the blastocyst rates decreased significantly in the cysteamine and Vitamin E added groups. It was thought that this decrease might have been affected by the dose of antioxidants or the adequacy of oocyte development

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) não foi disponibilizada pela revista. | O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de associação entre caracteres fisicoquímicas do maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis), auxiliando assim os programas de melhoramento que utilizam a seleção indireta. Avaliou-se 1120 frutos colhidos em ensaio com 26 famílias de irmãos completos de maracujazeiro-azedo, nos quais mensuraram-se as seguintes características: número de frutos por planta (NF), produção estimada (PE), massa média do fruto (MF), massa média da casca (MC), massa média da polpa (MP), comprimento médio do fruto (CF), diâmetro médio do fruto (DF), espessura média da casca (EC), teor médio de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável média (ATT), e coloração da polpa (CP). A correlação entre número de frutos por planta com produção estimada por planta apresenta magnitude maior (rf = 0.92**) que a correlação massa do fruto com produção estimada (rf = 0.54**), indicando a maior contribuição do número de frutos por planta para obtenção de famílias mais produtivas. A correlação de maior magnitude foi comprimento do fruto com massa do fruto, indicando que a seleção de plantas com frutos pesados podem ser feitas diretamente no campo, a partir do comprimento do fruto. | The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of association between characters of Passiflora edulis thus supporting the breeding programs that use indirect selection. Was evaluated in 1120 harvested in test 26 full-sib families of passion fruit, in which measured the following characteristics: number of fruits por plant (NF), estimated production (EP), fruit weight (FW) ; average mass of the shell (MC), average mass of pulp (MP), the fruit length (FL), average fruit diameter (FD), rind thickness (EC), the average content of soluble solids (TSS) , average total acidity (TTA), and flesh color (CP). The correlation between number of fruits por plant with an estimated production por plant has greater magnitude (rf = 0.92 **) that the correlation of fruit mass with an estimated production (rf = 0.54 **), indicating a greater contribution of the number of fruits por plant to obtain more productive families. The correlation of greater magnitude was the length of the fruit with fruit mass, indicating that the selection of plants with heavy fruit can be made directly in the field, from the length of the fruit.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of follicle size and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration on nuclear maturation of bovine oocytes in vitro. Follicles on bovine ovary were classified into 3 groups according to the diameter; small (

The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of association between characters of Passiflora edulis thus supporting the breeding programs that use indirect selection. Was evaluated in 1120 harvested in test 26 full-sib families of passion fruit, in which measured the following characteristics: number of fruits por plant (NF), estimated production (EP), fruit weight (FW) ; average mass of the shell (MC), average mass of pulp (MP), the fruit length (FL), average fruit diameter (FD), rind thickness (EC), the average content of soluble solids (TSS) , average total acidity (TTA), and flesh color (CP). The correlation between number of fruits por plant with an estimated production por plant has greater magnitude (rf = 0.92 **) that the correlation of fruit mass with an estimated production (rf = 0.54 **), indicating a greater contribution of the number of fruits por plant to obtain more productive families. The correlation of greater magnitude was the length of the fruit with fruit mass, indicating that the selection of plants with heavy fruit can be made directly in the field, from the length of the fruit. | O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de associação entre caracteres fisicoquímicas do maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis), auxiliando assim os programas de melhoramento que utilizam a seleção indireta. Avaliou-se 1120 frutos colhidos em ensaio com 26 famílias de irmãos completos de maracujazeiro-azedo, nos quais mensuraram-se as seguintes características: número de frutos por planta (NF), produção estimada (PE), massa média do fruto (MF), massa média da casca (MC), massa média da polpa (MP), comprimento médio do fruto (CF), diâmetro médio do fruto (DF), espessura média da casca (EC), teor médio de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável média (ATT), e coloração da polpa (CP). A correlação entre número de frutos por planta com produção estimada por planta apresenta magnitude maior (r f = 0.92**) que a correlação massa do fruto com produção estimada (r f = 0.54**), indicando a maior contribuição do número de frutos por planta para obtenção de famílias mais produtivas. A correlação de maior magnitude foi comprimento do fruto com massa do fruto, indicando que a seleção de plantas com frutos pesados podem ser feitas diretamente no campo, a partir do comprimento do fruto.

In recent years the number of phytoplasma diseases that negatively affect yield and quality of many plants has been increasing around the world. As is known grafting, plant propagation materials (seed, bulb, tuber), parasitic plants and insect vectors play active role in the spread of phytoplasmas causing these diseases. These organasim which get through plate in the sieve tube element and systemically colonize the plant, it invade and multiply salivary glands, midgut, heomocel, brain and fat tissue after sucking up insect body with stylet. Subsequently they continue the cycle by moving to a new plant with a diseased insect feeding on a healthy plant. Although the existence of functional genomics in this cycle is known, there is little information about transmission of phytoplasma from vector to host plant or from host plant to vector, the mechanism of disease caused by phytoplasma in the plant and genomics involved in different reactions in the host plant against phytoplasmal infection.

Para establecer si la aplicación de ácido incrementa el efecto benéfico del desmane sobre las características del racimo de plátano Dominico Hartón, se llevó a cabo un experimento en la granja Montelindo (Palestina, Caldas). Quince días después de floración los racimos se dejaron con seis manos. El ácido giberélico, 1.000 mg L-1, se aplicó a los 15, 45 y 75 después de floración. Se empleó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, en un arreglo factorial de 2 x 2 x 3 (desmane, aplicación de la hormona, época de aplicación). El desmane mejoró significativamente el peso del racimo; la aplicación de ácido giberélico, incluso en racimos sin desmane, también mejoró significativamente la calidad de los frutos; la época de aplicación de la hormona causó aumentos altamente significativos en el peso del racimo de la primera mano y en el peso promedio del dedo; el mejor efecto sobre las características del racimo se logró con el desmane y la aplicación de la hormona a los 15 días después de la floración. | To establish whether the application of gibberellic acid increases the dehandling beneficial effect on bunch characteristics of the Dominico Harton plantain, an experiment was carried out at the 'Montelindo' farm (Palestina, Caldas). Fifteen days after flowering bunches were left with six hands. Gibberellic acid applications, 1000 mg L-1, were made at 15, 45 and 75 days after flowering. A complete randomized design with four replications was used in a factorial arrangement of the treatments of 2 x 2 x 3 (dehandling, hormone application, time of application). Dehandling significantly improves bunch weight; hormone application, even in bunches without dehandling, also significantly improves fruit quality; the time of hormone application caused highly significant differences in bunch weight, first hand weight and average finger weight; the best effect on bunch characteristics is obtained with the dehandling and hormone application 15 days after flowering.

A resposta das plantas à salinidade depende de fatores fisiológicos, bioquímicos e genéticos. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o impacto do tempo de aclimatação à solução nutritiva sobre a resposta do cajueiro à salinidade. Plantas de Anarcadium occidentale L., CCP06, cultivadas em vermiculita durante 28 dias, foram transferidas para solução nutritiva de Hoagland com 1/10 de sua força iônica, onde permaneceram por 1 e 7 dias. Ao final dos dois tempos, a solução nutritiva foi suplementada com 200 mM de NaCl, condições em que as plantas foram cultivadas por 0, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h. As plantas aclimatadas por 7 dias á solução de Hoagland apresentaram sinais fisiológicos mais compatíveis com a tolerância ao NaCl, como menor acumulação de Na+ e, também, menores danos nas membranas, peroxidação dos lipídeos, degradação de proteínas, acumulação de aminoácidos livres e acumulação de prolina. A amônia livre foi o melhor indicador da intensidade do estresse salino. Os danos de membranas aumentaram com a acumulação de Na+ nas folhas. Os resultados evidenciam que o tempo de aclimatação das raízes à solução nutritiva influencia a expressão de fatores capazes de atenuar os efeitos do estresse salino.<br>The plant response to salinity depends on physiological, biochemical and genetic factors and on their interaction with external environment. This work aimed to study the impact of adaptation time in nutrient solution on the cashew response to salinity. Seedlings of Anacardium occidentale L (CCP06) grown in vermiculite, for 28 days, were placed to grow in 1/10 ionic strength Hoagland solution for 1 and 7 days. At the end of each time the solution was supplemented with 200 mM NaCl, and under this condition the plants were monitored for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The 7 days Hoagland solution acclimated plants had physiological index more compatible to tolerance to NaCl such as low Na+ accumulation and also low membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, protein degradation and free amino acids and proline accumulation. The free ammonia was the best index to predict the salt stress intensity. Membrane damage increased with Na+ accumulation in the leaves. The results evidence that the root adaptation time in Hoagland solution has influence on the expression of factors capable to alleviate the salt stress effects.