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Toprak Kökenli Bitki Patojeni Funguslarla Mücadelede Biofumigasyonun Kullanım Olanakları Texte intégral
2019
Sevilay Saygı | Muharrem Türkkan | İsmail Erper
Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Armillaria ve Rosellinia gibi toprak kökenli bitki patojeni funguslar, birçok bahçe ve tarla ürününde bitki ölümlerine ve verim kayıplarına sebep olan kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarının kontrolünde dayanıklı çeşit kullanımı, ürün rotasyonu, solarizasyon, fungisit uygulamaları ve toprak fumigasyonu gibi çeşitli mücadele yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Metil bromide ve kloropikrin gibi fumigantlarla yapılan toprak fumigasyonu toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolü için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak bu kimyasalların çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, yeterli hastalık kontrolü sağlayan ve ticari fungisitlerle rekabet edebilen alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Biofumigasyon kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler arasında değerlendirilmekte nematodlar, yabancı otlar ve bazı fungusların neden olduğu hastalıkların mücadelesinde oldukça etkili olup, entegre mücadelenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde örtücü bitkiler, organik gübre ve biyokatı atıklar biyofumigant olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde biyofumigasyon uygulamaları ve biyofumigantların funguslar üzerindeki etki şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Comparison of Fatty Acid Compositions of Commercial Fish and Fish By-Products Oils Used in Fish Feed Industry in Turkey Texte intégral
2019
Kutsal Gamsız | Ali Yıldırım Korkut | Aysun Kop
Fats have a function in transmitting the necessary fatty acids to fish as well as being an energy source in fish nutrition. In particular, high-chain unsaturated fatty acids are needed for feeding saltwater fish. In this study, the fatty acid composition of fish oils obtained from some whole-body fish and fish by-products used in the fish-feed industry in Turkey was determined and compared with each other. Accordingly, SFA (Saturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 15.57-33.38% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 16.3-31.89% in the oils from fish by-products; MUFA (Monounsaturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 24-38.69% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 25.81-47.57% in the oils from fish by-products; PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 31-36.73% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 33.54-36.78% in the oils from fish by-products. Given DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) ratios which are among the most important PUFAs for nutrition, it was determined that DHA ratios were in the range of 14.08-19.10% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 3.55-15.28% in the oils from fish by-products, whereas EPA ratios were in the range of 8-9.89% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 2.63-15.28% in the oils from fish by-products.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Economics of Maize and Bean Production: Why Farmers need to Shift to Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Production Texte intégral
2019
Hillary Moses Omondi Otieno | George N. Chemining’wa | Charles K. Gachene | Shamie Zingore
Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Improvement of Nutritional Values of Agaricus Bisporus Mushroom Stalk and Cap through Solid-State Fermentation Using Aspergillus niger Texte intégral
2019
Aydın Altop
This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of Agaricus bisporus mushroom stalk and cap. Four homogenous test samples were prepared from the fermented mushroom stalk (Fermented MS), unfermented mushroom stalk (MS), fermented mushroom cap (Fermented MC), and unfermented mushroom cap (MC); each was independently analyzed in triplicates, providing a total of 12 independent measurements of all treatments. Nutritional changes in the mushrooms were determined by analyzing crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The best improvement in nutritional composition was obtained from the MS with increasing the crude protein (35 %). The results related to other parameters are similar among all the treatments, except for CF. To conclude, the fermented MS can be considered as an alternative protein resource in animal nutrition.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Sivas İlinde Doğal Olarak Yetişen ve Yenilebilir Bir Bitki Olan Evelik (Rumex crispus) Bitkisinin Biyoaktivitesi ve Terapotik Nitelikleri Texte intégral
2019
Sevgi Durna Daştan | Hasan Durukan | Ahmet Demirbaş | Erol Dönmez
Bitkilerden elde edilen ekstrelerin birçoğunun biyolojik etkileri ve etki mekanizmaları hakkındaki bilimsel veriler hala yetersiz olmakla birlikte bu konuya olan ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Rumex crispus (Evelik) bitkisi mevsiminde Sivas yöresinden toplanarak kurutulmuş ve sonrasında yapraklı kısımlarından etanol, metanol ve su ekstraksiyonları elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, elde edilen her bir ekstrenin bazı mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesi, toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS), oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerinin ve çeşitli hücre hatları üzerindeki anti-kanserojen niteliklerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerlerini tespit etmek için Rel Assay Diagnostics kitler kullanılmıştır. Bitki ekstrelerinin mikroorganizmalara karşı minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonunu (MIC) belirlemek amacıyla mikrodilüsyon broth yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada antimikrobiyal aktivite analizleri, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) ve Candida tropicalis (DSM 11953) mikroorganizmaları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Normal fare fibroblast hücre hattı ve 3 farklı insan kanser hücre hattında MTT yöntemi ile bitki özütlerinin sitotoksik aktivitesi belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, evelik bitkisinin etanol, metanol ve su ekstraklarının denendiği mikroorganizmalar üzerinde antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin bulunmadığı, yüksek düzeyde antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu ve bazı hücre kültürlerinde sitotoksik aktivitesinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Honeybee Products and Apitherapy Texte intégral
2019
Sibel Silici
Honey is the most known among the honeybee products. But apart from honey, there are other bee products that are nutritious and supportive of treatment. Pollen, royal jelly, and propolis are among the bee products that have the highest number of researches made in the last years. However, products such as bee bread (perga) and drone larvae (apilarnil) are very unknown products with little work. Apitherapy; bee and bee products as a method of complementary application in the protection and treatment of certain diseases. However, in order for these applications to be successful, the chemical and biological properties of these products need to be known. For this purpose, the definition, chemical and biological properties and therapeutic activities of bee products are included in this study.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]The Effect of Drying Methods on Color and Chlorophyll Content of Parsley Leaves Texte intégral
2019
Ilknur Alibas | Mahrukh Parveez Zia | Aslihan Yilmaz
Parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) weighing 100 ± 0.09 g were dehydrated from moisture content of 82.24 ± 0.07% to 10.01 ± 0.02 % (wet basis) using the microwave (MD), convective (CD), solar oven (SOD), sun (SD) and natural (ND) drying. Drying in MD, CD, SOD, SD, and ND was completed at 18±1.15, 61±0.58, 255±10, 330±5.29, and 1530±11.55 min, respectively. The energy consumption of MD and CD was measured as 0.213±0.009 and 0.427±0.015 kWh, respectively. In microwave drying, 700 W microwave output power was applied while convective drying was used with 50°C temperature and 1m/s air velocity. The sun and solar oven drying processes were carried out under the same conditions at the same time. The average temperature of the system during the solar oven drying was 81.7±1.5°C whereas the airflow in the system was 0.5 m/s. The data obtained from the experiments were also modeled using twelve different thin-layer drying equations, and thus the theoretical data were obtained. According to these theoretical data, the best model in the microwave and natural drying was Alibas’s equation while the most suitable model in the solar and convective drying was modified Henderson and Pabis’s model. On the other hand, it was seen that the best model in the solar oven drying was the Page equation. As a result, considering both quality and drying parameters, it was determined that MD and SOD were the most suitable method for drying of parsley leaves.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Present Status and Potential in Şırnak Viticulture Texte intégral
2019
Mehmet Settar Ünal
This research was conducted to determine the viticulture potential of Şırnak province. In the 6 districts including the provincial centre, an evaluation was made in terms of characteristics such as viticulture technique, cultivated varieties, pruning and cultivation forms, soil tillage, fertilization, disease and pest control and product usage methods. In addition, the climate and soil characteristics of the region were evaluated, and the viticulture profile of the province was revealed. As a result of the research, it was found that viticulture is essentially an important branch of agriculture in the province, especially in the province of Idil, but there is a decrease in the vineyard areas due to lack of care, terrorism etc. It is determined the tall of the existing vineyards are indigenous, as the climate structure is suitable for viticulture in general, high temperature and drought prevails in summer, excessive stoniness in some vineyards areas and water stress in most regions.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Role of Aloe Vera as A Natural Feed Additive in Broiler Production Texte intégral
2019
Hassan Jalal | Muhammad Zeeshan Akram | Sibel Canoğulları Doğan | Sema Yaman Fırıncıoğlu | Nida Irshad | Minahil Khan
Phytogenic feed additives have replaced the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the diet of poultry particularly broiler chickens. Researchers are moving towards the use of natural products such as herbs, spices, plants and plant products, which possess influential effects on growth performance parameters, immune response and treatment of various diseases. Aloe vera is a well-known medicinal plant and is being used for commercial and therapeutic purposes such as antimicrobials, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, wound healing, antioxidant and antiprotozoal agents. From a few last decades, the use of Aloe vera has been increased as a natural additive to broiler diet. Based on the review of literature, Aloe vera can improve immune response, growth performance in the broiler, as well as an excellent alternative of AGPs and anticoccidial drugs. It can be used for broiler diet in the form of gel, powder, ethanolic extract and aqueous extract. This review provides information about the use of Aloe vera in broiler production with reference to the effects on growth performance, immune system, intestinal microflora and coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Effects of Housing Condition, Feeding Style and Age on Meat Colour, and Some Carcass Characteristics in Eastern Anatolian Red Bulls Texte intégral
2019
Sadrettin Yüksel | Alpay Karaçuhalılar | Fatma Yüksel | Burcuhan Balta
This study was conducted to evaluate the muscles of the brisket region of the Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) bulls in different ages subjected to different housing conditions and feeding style, and to determine the relationships among carcass traits, meat colour parameters and carcass measurements. Totally 25 bulls between 15 and 24 m of age were allocated to five groups (G1,G2,G3,G4,G5) according to feeding type, housing condition and age. The bulls were weighed fourteen days apart, feed consumption measurements were taken every morning, and slaughtered after 130 days of fattening. The differences were significant among G1-G3 for pelvic fat, total groups for conformation, among G1,G2-G3,G4,G5 for marbling, among G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 for LD area, among G1-G3,G5 for degree of fatten, among G1,G5-G2 for fat thickness over (LD) Longissimus Dorsi. The differences were significant in terms of meat colour parameters such as lightness (L*) in G1,G2,G3-G4,G5 and hue value (H*) in G1-G2,G3,G4,G5. Also, the differences among the groups are significant in terms of carcass length and width of the round. The correlation coefficients of carcass characteristic, colour score and conformation are negative with lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Degree fatten had a positive correlation with marbling score. Conformation were positively correlated with carcass length. Carcass ribeye area and L* showed a more desirable result in the G4 and G5 groups compared to other groups. Assessing the accumulated data of carcass traits with carcass components including carcass measurement during the slaughter or later phases of slaughter, it may be possible to use as a marker for the determining beef quality in EAR bulls.
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