Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to determine dry and humid periods according to the cumulative probability method at different time scales. . In this study, the rainfall data between the years of 1980-2018 belonging to of Kayseri Meteorology Station was simulated by CLIGEN stochastic climatic data generator. SPI indices calculated by using observed and simulated precipitation were evaluated with the statistical methods at the time scales of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- months. The SPI values of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- month which are observed and simulated with CLIGEN are close to each other and the performance of the model is very high in calculating the SPI values of these time series. However, as the time period increased, the model's representative ability decreased.

Bu araştırma, bazı yonca çeşitlerinin çimlenme döneminde farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarına gösterdiği tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019 yılı Mart ayında Sakarya Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü laboratuvarında yürütülmüştür. Bitki materyali olarak; Azurre, Delta, Emiliano, Emiliano (kaplamalı), La Bella Campagnola ve Neptune çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada altı farklı tuz konsantrasyonu seviyesi (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mmol) uygulanmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 2 faktör ve 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; çimlenme yüzdesi, sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük uzunluğu, tuza tolerans indeksi, yaş sapçık ağırlığı, yaş kökçük ağırlığı, kuru sapçık ağırlığı, kuru kökçük ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, tuz konsantrasyonlarının incelenen tüm özellikler üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli derecede etki ettiğini göstermiştir. Tuz konsantrasyonu arttıkça tüm özelliklerde elde edilen değerlerin azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Çeşitler arasında incelenen özellikler açısından, Emiliano kaplamalı çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere göre daha toleranslı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tuz konsantrasyonunun 50 mmol’dan daha fazlasının, incelenen özellikleri önemli ölçüde olumsuz etkilediği ve en düşük değerlerin 200 mmol dozunda ortaya çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Çeşit ×Tuz konsantrasyonu etkileşimleri incelendiğinde; tuz tolerans indeksi en yüksek değerler Emiliano kaplamalı × 50 mmol etkileşiminde tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile tuzluluk problemi ile karşı karşıya kalınan topraklarda Yonca tarımında Emiliano çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere göre daha toleranslı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke solution derived from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on root and shoot growth of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) was investigated in pots, in petri dishes (in vivo) and in vitro conditions. Smoke solution was obtained from hookah method and different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water and, distilled water was used as control. Solutions were used starting water of petri and perlite media and to prepare MS0 for in vitro condition. Nodal segments of grass pea seedlings as explants were cultured on MS0 medium in vitro. Plant nutrients, antioxidants, organic or inorganic chemicals, and plant growth regulators are commonly used for plant development both in vivo and in vitro. However, their use has risks in terms of economic costs as well as nature, environment and human health. Therefore, use of naturally derived chemicals in these applications has great advantages. Observations for in vivo conditions were determinate after 7 days from sowing and 15 days after in vitro culture. The longest root length (6.089 cm) was determined in 75% smoke solution of sage and, while the longest shoot length (3.026 cm) was obtained from 100% smoke solution of sage on petri media. In perlite media, the highest root and shoot length were observed in pure water (control). İn vitro conditions, although shoot formation was above 85% in all applications, root formation was under 33%. The shortest shoot length was obtained from smoke solutions of 100% (5.02 cm), the longest shoot length was obtained from 25% and 75% concentrations of smoke solution, respectively 8.35 and 8.94 cm.

The study was conducted in a herd (n: 244) in which goats (n: 206) and sheep (n:38) had a history of brucellosis in Bursa which is located in Northwestern of Turkey between the years 2012-2014. For the detection of Brucella spp. and the other zoonotic bacterial agents, semen samples were taken from Saanen goats (n: 35) and rams (n: 8). Samples were tested by routine diagnostic procedures and PCR. The serum samples of male animals were also tested for Brucellosis by C-ELISA and I-ELISA. The culture results represented Trueperella pyogenes (n:2), Pasteurella pneumotopica (n: 5), Esherichia coli (n: 3), Aeromonas salmonicida subs. Salmonicida (1), Brevundimonas vesicularis (n: 2) and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium (n: 1) and Mycoplasma arginini (n: 1) from semen samples. Rams had no symptoms due to epididymitis or epididymoorchitis in clinical examination, but two bucks showed orchitis and they were serologically positive for brucellosis. Also, one seronegative buck showed epididymitis in a flock. There were no statistically significant differences between the serologically positive and negative animals in an examination of semen samples in terms of their volume, concentration, mass activity, motility and defectivity rate for acrosome. Although 20 of the serum samples were negative for anti-Brucella antibody, 23 of them were serologically positive for brucellosis. As a result of this study, Brucellae were not detected by bacteriologically and molecularly while there were some positive serum samples for brucellosis. This could be attributed that these samples might have been collected from chronically infected animals in which animals generally do not shed the organisms. Therefore, it was thought that sampling with regular intervals might help for the definitive incidence of brucellosis.

It is well known that alternative food additives are being researched following the prohibition of the addition of antibiotics to poultry feed as growth factors. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs, produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis. In particular, their natural antimicrobial properties and their low tendency to create resistance in micro-organisms suggest that they might be a good alternative to antibiotics. They are not only effective against bacteria, but are also known to be effective against fungi and viruses. In studies on pigs and broiler chickens, they have been shown to be beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, the immune system, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides are small biological molecules formed from 12-60 amino acids. AMPs have been reported to kill bacteria, in particular those showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. AMPs block the development of harmful bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. For instance, it has been reported that sublancin reduces the Clostridium perfringens count while increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Furthermore, they have been proved to have a strong effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the AMPs used in broiler chicken feeding are sublancin, secropin, magainin, nisin and defensin. These peptides can be used by adding them to feed or to drinking water. This review has attempted to find an answer to the question of whether AMPs added to the feed of broiler chickens can be an alternative to antibiotics by examining previous studies.

Bu çalışma İkizcetepeler Barajı tabanından alınan yüzey çökeli ve karot örneklerinde organik karbon konsantrasyonlarının zamansal ve mekansal değişimlerini saptamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Organik karbon sulak alanlarda belirli bir miktarın üzerinde bulunduğunda kirliliğe yol açmakta ve ortamdaki çözünmüş oksijeni azaltarak diğer canlıların yaşamını risk altına sokmaktadır. Bu nedenle sulak alanlardaki organik karbon miktarının zamansal ve mekansal dağılışının tespit edilmesi son derece önemlidir. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan yüzey ve karot örneklerinde titrasyon yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler Arc – Map 10.5 yazılımı kullanılarak mekansal dağılış haritası ve zamansal dağılış grafiklerine dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen tüm bulgular değerlendirildiğinde organik karbon miktarının Kille Çayı, Koca Çay ve Çınarlı Dere ağzı ile eski yerleşim yerlerinin bulunduğu örneklem noktalarında en yüksek değerlere ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Zamansal dağılışa göre en yüksek değerler 5 – 10 cm dilimleri arasında tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum organik karbonun Bağırsak Dere dışındaki akarsular tarafından havza içerisinden taşınarak baraja deşarj edildiğini ve deşarjın son yıllarda maksimum düzeye çıkarak günümüzde azalma eğilimine geçtiğini göstermektedir. İkizcetepeler Baraj Gölü çevresinde gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları, mevcut literatür verileri ve analitik prosedürlerden elde edilen verilere göre barajda organik karbon kökenli kirliliğe rastlanmamıştır.

An 8-week experiment was conducted to study the effect of added Natuphos® 5000 phytase in corn–soybean meal-based diets on laying hens fed different levels of crude protein (CP) (14 and 17%). Two levels of phytase enzyme were used: 0 and 600 Phytase Units (FTU)/kg feed. The experiment used 144 Hisex Brown laying hens in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Four treatments and three replicates per treatment with 12 hens per replicate were used. Egg production was recorded daily while egg weight was assessed on 13th and 14th day of each two-week period to calculate total egg mass. Total excreta were collected and approximately 10% of the amount was used for analysis after drying in a forced draft oven. The results showed no significant effect of added phytase on excreta Calcium (Ca) content, but significantly lower Magnesium (Mg) content was observed with phytase (3.54, 2.48, 3.13 and 2.75 % for hens fed 14% CP no phytase, 14% CP + phytase, 17% CP no phytase, and 17% CP + phytase, respectively). Added phytase also significantly decreased Mg excretion measured as grams/kg of egg mass (21.43, 12.47, 16.76 and 14.75 g/kg egg mass for hens of respective dietary treatments. Phytase had a strong effect on Zink (Zn) levels with 438.96, 369.17, 434.38 and 374.58 mg Zn/kg dry excreta of hens. Similar results were observed with Cu. Added phytase significantly reduced the excreta content and the excretion of Cu. The results of this experiment indicate that adding 600 FTU to laying hen diets containing 14% CP decreases the excretion of Mg, Zn and Cu without any adverse effects on the egg mass produced of laying hens.

Bu çalışma; ultrasonik banyo ve benmari yöntemleri ile ısıl işlem uygulanan kristalize katı ve sıvı polifloral çiçek ile pamuk ballarının yaklaşık 1 yıl oda ısısında depolama şartlarında rekristalizasyon-kristalizasyon oluşumunun belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Yerel arıcılardan temin edilen kristaize katı ve sıvı bal örneklerine 25°C ve 50°C sıcaklıkta 2 saat süre ile ultrasonik banyo ve benmari ısıl işlemleri uygulananmıştır. Herhangi bir işlem uygulanmayan bal örnekleri karşılaştırma amaçlı kontrol gurubu olarak kullanılmıştır. Ultrasonik ısı uygulaması yapılan ballarda ortalama kristallenme oranı %8,75 iken benmari yöntemiyle ısıl işlem uygulanan gruplardaki ballarda ortalama kristallenme oranı %31,25 olarak bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubunda ise ortalama kristallenme oranı %90 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak uygulanan ısıl işlemlerin kristallenmeye etkileri arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuş ve balların kristallenmemesi için 2 saat süreyle 50°C ultrasonik banyo yönteminin etkili bir uygulama olacağı belirlenmiştir.

Ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts from plants namely Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita, Thyme serpyllum and Chenopodium album L. were evaluated for their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial efficiencies. The antioxidant activities were screened utilizing DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, CUPRAC activity and total antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial activity of the tested extracts was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. U. dioica and C. album extracts showed varying activities against the test bacteria. The hexane extracts of T. serpyllum and C. album showed the weakest copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity of the solvents are increased in the following order: Ethanol>Chloroform>Hexane. Our results revealed that all of the tested plants might be an alternative to synthetic antioxidant and antibacterial agents.