The influence of farming type (conventional or organic) and production system (low-and high-input) on various quality characteristics of milk have been in the focus of studies over the last decade. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of different dairy management and production systems on carbon stable isotopes ratio (δ13C) and milk urea content. The samples of raw milk were collected each two weeks at certified organic high-input and low-input farms, conventional high-input and low-input farms in late indoor period and outdoor period. Data analysis showed clear difference between milk from organic high- and low-input farms with non-overlapping range between -22.90 ‰ and -24.70‰ for δ13С in protein fraction (equal 1.80‰) and between -25.90‰ and -28.20‰ (equal 2.30‰) for δ13С in fat fraction independently from season factor, as for Δδ13С (protein-fat) values in milk from high-input (1.50-3.00‰) and low-input (3.20-6.30‰) organic farms. Analysis of correlation between δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content values showed that during late indoor period the most significant difference was detected between milk from organic low-input and conventional high-input farms (5.85‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 4.65 mg/100 g of milk urea content). During outdoor period, the non-overlapping range was established for low-input and high-input organic farms (3.40‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 10.77 mg/100 g of milk urea content). Results of δ13С values in fat and protein milk fractions, as combination of δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content could be a potential tool for the distinguish of milk from different farming types, based on different feed composition.

This study aimed to identfy chemical composition, ruminal degradation characeristics and metabolizable energy (ME) content of five different chickpea line and a check cultivar’s straw using nylon bag technique. Feed samples were incubated as three replicates of each fistulated Holstein heifer for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in rumen were determined by using this mathematical expression D=a+b(1-e-ct). Crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash contents of straw were ranged from 5.61 to 7.42%, 51.33 to 56.0%, 63.67 to 67.0%, and 8.0 to 9.0% respectively. Besides Rapidly soluble fraction (a), potantial degradability (a+b) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM ) were ranged from 17.86 to 21.41, 54.40 to 59.43, 49.65 to 54.91% respectively. Estimated ME of chickpea entries straw were ranged from 5.96 to 7.37 MJ/kg. Metabolizable energy content of control chickpea cultivar was significantly higher than the other chickpea straw of lines. The research values of ME revealed that significant differences were determined among the lines in terms of energy content. In addition to, a strong relationship between straw NDF level and ME content were determined.

This study was conducted to determine applicability of the Inward Processing Regime (IPR) in enterprises which are vegetable oil producers and exporters. The data was obtained from 26 vegetable oil producer and exporter enterprises by using survey method. Frequency tables, indices, and percentage calculating were used to analyse Data. Also, SWOT analysis was used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the sector, and relationship among some variables were examined with correlation coefficient. According to research findings, 25 of the enterprises (96%) utilised the IPR. Since the enterprises started to use that system; availability of cheap raw material, rate of capacity utilisation, market share, and export value all have increased. In addition, raw material was found as an important expense item, and the most important problems were qualified as raw material inadequacy and high input prices.

Escherichia coli is an emerging public health concern in most countries of the world. It is an important cause of food-borne human disease. The present study assessed the prevalence and determined the antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli from raw milk marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Of the raw milk marketed in Chittagong ~33(18%) of the 186 raw milk samples of it contains E. coli, indicator bacteria for any enteric pathogens. The mean viable count of total bacteria was 4.04×108 cfu/ml and the mean viable count of E. coli in the contaminated raw milk was 1.88×106 cfu/ml. E. coli from only six (18.2%) of the 33 positive samples yielded colourless colonies across the CT-SMAC, suggesting the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype O157 and rest of the isolates 27 (81.82%) produced coloured colony on CT-SMAC considering the probable presence of populations belonging to the serotype non-O157. Growth of probable E. coli O157, as evidenced by the colourless colonies on CT-SMAC compared to coloured colonies from other bacteria. Confirmed isolates were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the Agar disc diffusion technique. Antibiotics susceptibility profile showed that all the isolates in case of E. coli O157, penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), amoxicillin (83.33%) and erythromycin (83.33%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (66.67%), gentamicin (50.0%), and streptomycin (50.0%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. In case of E.coli non-O157 susceptibility profile showed that chloramphenicol (40.74%), erythromycin (40.74%) and oxacillin (37.04%) were the most resistant whereas ciprofloxacin (70.37%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (S/T) (59.26%) and gentamycin (55.55%) were the most sensitive antibiotics. The antimicrobial resistance exhibited by E. coli O157and non-O157 strains in this study is an indication of possible antibiotic abuse.

In this study it was aimed to produce a commercial aquatic plant Vallisneria spiralis in a controlled- aquaculture system. In order to determine the potential of the plant to utilize different nutrient resources relative growth rate depends on biomass yield and individual plant number and length composition of V. spiralis cultivated in semi-shadow and non-shadow conditions were determined. Results of the present work showed that V. spiralis utilized different nutrient resources effectively such as cow, lamb, chicken and commercial fertilizer TSP in cultivation conditions and increased its weight and individual number compare to the control group where nutrient addition is not applied. In semi-shadow condition V. spiralis fresh biomass yield and plant number increase were the highest in cow group and found to be 1.52%±0.03 g.day-1 and 1.80%±0.05 individual.day-1 respectively. The mean length of V. spiralis was found to be the highest (83.56±26.14 cm) in lamb fertilizer group. In non-shadow conditions V. spiralis fresh biomass yield and plant number increase were the highest in cow group and found to be 2.73%±0.07 g.day-1 and 2.52%±0.6 individual.day-1 respectively. The mean length of V. spiralis was found to be the highest (92.74±27.93 cm) in cow fertilizer group as well.

Günümüzde piyasada bulunan probiyotikler, genellikle fermente süt ürünleri şeklindedir. Süt tüketimi, süt ürünlerinin kolesterol içeriği ve laktoz intoleransı sebebiyle sınırlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bazı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde fermente ürünlerinin kullanımını kısıtlayan gelenekler ve ekonomik nedenler, alternatif gıdaların probiyotikler için taşıyıcı olarak kullanılması fikrini öne çıkarmaktadır. Bu sebeplerle et ürünleri, tahıllar, baklagiller, meyveler ve sebzeler, probiyotik mikroorganizmaların substratları olarak tüketicilerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu ürünlerin geliştirilmesi hem endüstriyel, hem de bilimsel açıdan önemli bir araştırma alanıdır. Bu çalışmada, süt kaynaklı olmayan probiyotik gıdalar hakkında bilgiler verilmiş ve bu alanda yapılan araştırmalar vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Bu araştırmada, Koçaş Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklerin döl verimi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu özelliklere ait fenotipik ve genotipik parametre tahminleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen özelliklere ait en küçük kareler ortalaması ilkine damızlıkta kullanma yaşı (İDKY), ilkine buzağılama yaşı (İBY), buzağılama aralığı (BA), gebelik başına tohumlama sayısı (GBTS) ve servis periyodu (SP) için sırasıyla; 529,66, 849,59, 378,61 gün, 1,92 adet ve 105,67 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı özelliklere ait kalıtım dereceleri ise sırasıyla; 0,30, 0,20, 0,02, 0,09 ve 0,11 olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Yılın, mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının gebelik başına tohumlama sayısı üzerine etkisi, buzağılama aralığı ve ilkine damızlıkta kullanma yaşı üzerine yılın etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, süt verim özellikleri bakımından Koçaş Tarım İşletmesi yetiştiricilik şartlarının iyi durumda ve işletme için hesaplanan fenotipik ve genotipik parametrelerin de kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study aims to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on tomato yield by using econometric models. The data obtained by questionnaire from 53 farmers who produce tomatoes in Tokat province constitute the main material of the study. The Simple Random Sampling Method was used to determine the sample size with a 90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error. Nine models were tried to determine the best model to explain the effect of nitrogenous fertilizer usage in tomato cultivation. The data in the models were used to calculate the growers’ optimal fertilizer amount of use (physical optimum and economical optimum values were calculated) and the results were compared to the ones suggested by the experts. As a result, through the statistical studies, quadratic model was found to be the most suitable one. It has been determined that tomato farmers use less (10.54 kg da-1) or excess (23.48 kg da-1) N fertilizer than the level at which economic optimum is achieved.

Collected blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) from freshwater sites throughout Tokat province and its outlying areas were isolated in laboratory environment and their morphological systematics were determined and also their species identifications were studied by molecular methods. Seven different species of blue-green algae collected from seven different sites were isolated by purifying in cultures in laboratory environment. DNA extractions were made from isolated cells and extracted DNAs were amplified by using PCR. Cyanobacteria specific primers were used to amplify 16S rRNA and phycocyanine gene regions using PCR. Phylogenetic identification of species were conducted by evaluation of obtained sequence analysis data by using computer software. According to species identification by sequence analysis, it was seen that molecular data supports morphological systematics.

In the study it is aimed to determine the stabilities of some agronomic traits of 10 different durum wheats over the years in conditions of Bursa. Research was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications between the years of 2008-2013. Averages of genotypes of agronomic characteristics, Eberhart and Russell’s regression coefficient and deviation from regression, Francis and Kannenberg’s coefficient of variation and environmental variance used as stability parameters. When the results of the study evaluated at the stability analysis, Amb × Çak-30 lines were determined to be stable in most of the agronomic traits. As for grain yield, which is of great importance for the producer, breeding lines of Amb × Çak -26 and Amb × Çak-30 were determined in good harmony at Bursa under different climatic conditions over five years.