This study aimed to detect the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability traits of hazelnuts dried using three different methods: artificial drying (AR), concrete ground (CN), and grass ground (GS) during 12 months of storage (2013–2014) at 20–25°C and 70–90% relative humidity. As expected, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the main fatty acid group (81.75–83.59%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (10.20–11.48%) and saturated fatty acids (5.38–6.96%). Samples dried in AR had more MUFA (83.59%) than sun-dried (CN and GS) samples. Following the drying process, the lowest peroxide value (PV) and the highest ratio of oleic-to-linoleic acid (8.27%) were recorded in samples dried in AR. At the end of storage, the PV was lower in samples dried in AR than on CN and GS methods. The results of this research showed that the AR method is the best for drying hazelnut. This research, therefore, recommends the AR method for drying hazelnuts on a commercial scale.

The aim of this study was to investigate the macroanatomy and morphometric of the tongue of the guinea fowl. Six chicks (6-7 weeks), six layer hens (9-13 weeks) and six studs guinea fowl were used to study and determine the anatomical features of the tongue of the guinea fowl. Papillae of the tongue were examined photos of the general anatomic structures were taken. Morphometry was calculated by statistical analysis. The tongue was triangular shaped, and consisted of apex, corpus, and radix sections. The papillae linguales caudales were on both sides of the corpus and radix linguae. Conical papillae were found to be sequentially V shaped at the radix. Thus, in this study, the anatomy and morphometric of the tongue of the guinea fowl tongue were examined in details and the similarities and differences between the tongue of the guinea fowl and the tongue of other poultry species were investigated.

In this study, seasonal changes in the lipid and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus caught from the Mersin Bay were investigated. The total lipid levels of S. lessepsianus were found to be 2.94%, 7.19%, 2.45%, 0.83%, in spring, summer, autumn and winter season, respectively. Major fatty acids in S. lessepsianus were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all seasons. The highest values of palmitic, palmitoleic and EPA were determined as 22.97%, 3.80% and 4.22% in spring, respectively. The highest values of stearic and oleic acid were determined as 15.93% and 7.84% in autumn, respectively. The highest value of DHA were also determined as 31.91% in winter season. The EPA level from polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the range of 2.54-4.22% (23.09-195.62 mg/100g). The highest level of DHA were observed in the winter season and its levels changed in the range of 19.83-31.81% and was calculated as 201.29-1301.73 mg/100g. In addition, the highest level of the Σn3, Σn6, and Σn9 were calculated in the summer season as 1516.39, 114.88, 399.77 mg/100g, respectively. This report showed that fat and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus are quite influenced by seasonal factors.

Recently nanotechnology has become an integral part of modern biomedical applications. Accordingly, nanoparticles are considered as promising components for the development of innovative tags, probes, biosensors and carrier molecules for drug delivery. Spherical colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are prime candidates to be utilized for these purposes due to their useful physical properties. However, in order for the gold nanoparticles to be used in nanomedicine, their biological properties should be extensively studied as well. Therefore, in this paper we chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles and studied their physical and biological characteristics to determine their potential use in medicine. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution with sodium citrate. The physical properties of the AuNPs were determined by UV–vis spectrophotometer and Zetasizer readings. The antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans were investigated via disk diffusion method. We found that the AuNPs were monodisperse, stable and not prone to aggregation with an average size of 22.12 nm and an emission band at 522 nm. The disk diffusion tests revealed that the gold nanoparticles did not have a significant growth inhibitory effect on the pathogens tested. In conclusion, here we showed the successful synthesis of gold nanoparticles by a safe and non-toxic method. Furthermore, our evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles suggests that these molecules could be considered as biologically safe molecules for future medical applications.

Bu araştırmada Sivas ve yöresinde bulunan 5 süt fabrikasının depo tankından temin edilen 50 adet süt örneğinde ağır metallerden kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu), krom (Cr) ve kurşun (Pb) içerikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda süt örneklerinin Cd, Cu ve Cr içeriklerinin sırasıyla 8,896, 33,69 ve 31,81 µg/kg düzeyinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Süt örneklerin %92’inde Pb miktarının tespit edilebilir limitin altında, %8’inde ise 304,1-503,4 µg/kg olduğu belirlenmiştir.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of enteritis, pneumonia and omphalitis on oxidative/antioxidant balance in the calves. In total, 27 calves with neonatal disease and 10 healthy calves (control) were used. The sick calves were divided into 3 groups according to localization of infection, omphalitis (n = 10), pneumonia (n = 8) and enteritis (n = 9). Blood samples of the calves were taken from jugular vein for analysis. Blood in tubes without anticoagulant was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min following clotting, and the sera were removed and stored at -80°C until analyzed. Serum malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels of all groups were significantly higher, while glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. As a conclusion, diarrhea, pneumonia and omphalitis are caused by oxidative damage in the calves, and antioxidant treatment may be beneficial in the treatment of these diseases.

In this study, the effects of the extracts obtained from flower, stem, leaf, branch and their mixture of Nerium oleander L. on the seed germination and seedling growth of four Pistacia species (Pistacia terebinthus L., P. vera L., P. khinjuk Stocks., P. atlantica Desf. and P. terebinthus L.) were investigated. Five hundred grams of N. oleander was taken from the plant parts and the extracts were mixed with distilled water (1.5 L). The extracts were applied to Pistacia species for 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that the extract had positive effects on their germination and growths of the species mentioned above. The highest germination rate for all the Pistacia species was obtained from the extracts of flower, while the lowest germination rate was recorded in the mixture of all parts of N. oleander mentioned above. Moreover, the treatment time was found to reduce the germination ratio. It was also found that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander were the most effective on the stem height of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from branches, leaves and flower, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander had pronounced effect on the stem diameter of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from flower, leaves, and branches, respectively. In general, the effects of the extracts from several parts of N. oleander on the germination and other growing parameters were found to be almost comparable to those of synthetic promoter, Gibberellic Acid (GA3).

Oregano, which grows widely in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Thyme used in the spice industry and in the pharmaceutical industry due to its anti-fungal and antiseptic properties because it has an aromatic smell, also contains some vitamins and minerals that humans and animals need. The use of oregano, which comes to the forefront in the feeding of small ruminants during the times when animal feeds are scarce in our country, is becoming more and more important in small head and poultry production and good agriculture and organic farming applications due to some secondary metabolites it contains.

Azot ve kükürt uygulaması, ekmek yapım sürecini etkileyen buğdayın depo proteinlerinin kalitesi ve niceliği üzerinde önemli etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada tarla koşullarında, vejetatif ve generatif dönemlerde, yapraktan üre, potasyum sülfat (K2SO4) ve çinko sülfat heptahidrat (ZnSO4.7H2O) uygulamalarının ekmeklik buğdayın protein kalitesi (SDS Sedimantasyon ve STK-Laktik Asit değerleri), GlutoPik parametreleri [PMT (s), BM (BE), BEM (BE) ve PM (BE)] ve hamur reolojik özellikleri [stabilite (dak), yumuşama derecesi (BU)] üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Denemeler iki grup halinde yürütülmüştür. İlk denemede, yapraktan yapılan uygulamalar %0 (Kontrol); %0,5 Üre; %1 Üre; %0,5 ZnSO4.7H2O; %0,5 Üre+0,5% ZnSO4.7H2O; %1 Üre+%0,5 ZnSO4.7H2O; %0,5 K2SO4 ve %1 K2SO4 şeklinde; ikinci denemede, %0; %0,5 Üre+%0,5 K2SO4; %0,5 Üre+%1 K2SO4; %1 Üre +%0,5 K2SO4; %1 Üre+%1 K2SO4 şeklinde olmuştur.Uygulamalar arasında birinci denemede; %0,5 Üre, %1 Üre+%0,5 ZnSO4 ve %0,5 K2SO4, ikinci denemede ise %1 Üre+%0,5 K2SO4 konuları tüm özellikler bir arada değerlendirildiğinde öne çıkan uygulamalar olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; üre, potasyum sülfat ve çinko sülfat uygulamalarının protein kalitesi, gluten reolojisi ve hamur reolojisi üzerini etkisinin oldukça önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Vermicompost production and applications are increasing in our country recently. There are also many commercial products on the market. Vermicompost may act both as soil conditions and organic fertilizer. In addition to the effect of this product on improving the physical properties of the soil; the effect of plant growth on different plants should be studied. In this study conducted for this purpose; commercially produced radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. “Cherry Belle” was planted in growing medium mixed with different doses of vermicompost (0 - 2.5 – 5 – 10 %). In order to determine NPK and NPK + Fe. Zn fertilizer needs of the plants, these elements contained fertilizers were applied. According to the pot experiment results, important increases in some element contents and fresh root weights of radish plant were determined with increasing vermicompost applications. The average fresh root weight changed between 47.89-77.70 g pot-1. The average N concentration of in leaves and in roots changed between 3.09-4.69 % and 1.19-2.67 %, respectively. The K of in leaves and in roots changed between 1.27-1.46 % and 1.39-2.13 %, respectively, and the P concentration of in leaves and in roots changed between 0.46-0.50 % and 0.36-0.45 %, respectively. Application of vermicompost had statistically significant effect on growth of radish.