Bu araştırmada Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının karşılaştıkları sorunlar ele alınmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Samsun ilinde görev yapan 51 tarım danışmanı ile anket yapılarak, ele alınan tarım danışmanlarına ait bilgiler ve yaşadıkları sorunlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları, Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının genç, eğitimli ve iletişim becerilerine önem veren bir grup olduğunu ve düzenli olarak kendilerini geliştirdiklerini göstermektedir. Araştırma aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının yaşadıkları sorunları da ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sorunlar arasında tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin yeterince kurumsallaşmamış olması, hukuki düzenlemelerin eksikliği ve görev-yetki belirsizlikleri gibi önemli konular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca çiftçilerin danışmanlık hizmetlerine olan talebinin düşük olması ve kamu kuruluşları arasındaki koordinasyon eksiklikleri de sektörün sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tarım danışmanları için düzenli hizmet içi eğitim sağlanmalıdır. Tarım danışmanlarının saha çalışmalarını daha etkin bir şekilde sağlamak için teknolojik araçlardan yararlanılabilir. Tarım danışmanlarının çalışma usul ve esaslarını belirleyen yasal düzenlemeler daha açık ve net hale getirilebilir. Çiftçi bilinçlendirme çalışmaları ve aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının saha faaliyetlerini sürdürülebilmeleri için finansman kaynaklarının önceden planlanması ve güvence altına alınması önemlidir.

Topraktaki yüksek kireç içeriği bitkilerin verimini ve yaşamını sınırlandıran önemli abiyotik stres faktörlerindendir. Kireçli topraklar dünyadaki karaların %30’dan fazlasını kaplarken, ülkemizde ise Karadeniz Bölgesi hariç hemen hemen tüm bölgelerimizin topraklarının kireç içeriği oldukça yüksektir. Kiraz da dâhil olmakla birlikte meyve türleri genel olarak yüksek kireç içeriğine oldukça duyarlıdır. Bu bağlamda meyve yetiştiriciliğinde topraktaki yüksek kireç içeriğine dayanıklılık sağlayan anaçların varlığı ve mevcut anaçların kirece dayanımlarının belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla, in vitro koşullarda çoğaltılan Kuş kirazı, Mahlep, MaxMa 14, CAP-6P ve PHL-C anaçlarının farklı kireç seviyelerinde (Kontrol, %1,0, %3,0 ve %5,0 CaCO3) morfolojik ve biyokimyasal tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Stres altındaki bitkilerde, bitki ve kök gelişimi gibi morfolojik özellikleri ile membran geçirgenliği ve yaprak oransal su içeriği gibi fizyolojik özelliklerinin yanında, peroksidaz, süperoksidaz dismutaz, hidrojen peroksit, prolin ve protein miktarı gibi biyokimyasal özellikler ve demir aktiviteleri (bitkilerde demir içeriği, aktif demir içeriği, bitkilerde demir şelat redüktaz aktivitesi ve köklerde demir şelat aktivitesi) belirlenmiştir. Denemede ortamda CaCO3 seviyesi arttıkça anaçların dayanımının azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak denemenin 15. gününde yapılan ölçümlerde MaxMa-14 kiraz anacının diğer kiraz anaçlarına göre daha iyi bir gelişim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Rapid population growth, industrial and technological development, and improvement in the social and economical conditions of people have increased their need for socializing, gathering, and relaxing with various recreational activities and mutual communications. The sustainable development of social life has increased the importance of squares as public spaces, which brings the citizens together for cultural, commercial, and political purposes; thus, giving an identity to the city and becoming the focal point of urban life. The selection of an area as a square is based on certain criteria. The decisions regarding the choice of the location and their use as squares must be per the internationally accepted criteria. We studied four squares, namely Mevlana Square with historical background, Hükümet Square, Anıt Square, and Kılıçarslan City Square with a high demand for social events. The squares are considered to be important and comprehensive titles for evaluating their comparative functions under the selection criteria of visuality, functionality, and accessibility. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine the importance of the selection criteria of squares in a survey with participants for solving the problem and selecting the best square according to these criteria. By performing the AHP analysis, we found that the most preferred square by the participants was the Mevlana Square with a preference rate of 58.68%, and the most preferred criterion was “visuality” with a preference rate of 64.5%. In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristics of a preferable square to improve the existing squares and to contribute to the stages of a new square design, planning, and implementation.

Hidabu Abote, Dera, Wera Jarso and Debra Libanos districts of North Shewa zone are potential in honey production. To enhance this potential, different organizations disseminate improved beehives technologies for the smallholder farmers. However, the impact of the disseminated technologies on household income has not been evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of improved beehive adoption on household income. Purposive and two stage sampling technique was used to select 384 sampled households. The study used logistic regression model to identify the determinants of adoption decision of modern beehive technology while propensity score matching to evaluate the impact of modern beehive technology adoption on household income. The result of logistic regression model shows that age of household head, family size, households experience in beekeeping, frequency of extension contact, access to credit services, access to training and access to beehive demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on household adoption decision of modern beehive technology. The result of propensity score matching indicates that the adopters of improved beehive technology were earned Birr 2690.383 than non-adopter. The difference in household income between the two groups shows that there is considerable room for improvement of household income through increasing the number of adopter of improved beehives technology in the study area. This should be done through provision of training, credit, extension and expansion of beehive demonstration site among the others.

Based on high dependent of many processing company on palm kernel oil, high quality palm nut cracking machine is not only necessary but also important to revitalize the production of palm kernel in other to meup with ever increasing industrial demand. Different palm kernel beaters; Swing beater (SB) and the conventional type known as rigid beater (RB) of an existing palm kernel cracker were investigated using the moisture content (7, 17, 26% (db)), five different speeds (970, 1200, 1450,1750, 2430rpm) and three different average nut sizes (14.5, 22.15, 29.43mm) of palm kernel nut. Approximately, six thousand palm nuts of Tenera specie were collected, dried, cleaned and sorted to evaluate the machine. Result shows that, the maximum quality efficiency recorded for Swing beater was 89.5% at 17% moisture content (db), 29.4 mm average nut size and 970 rpm machine speed. Similarly, for the performance of rigid beater, the maximum quality efficiency of 71.5% was recorded at 26% moisture content (db), 29.4 mm average nut size and 970 rpm machine speed. The effect of nut size was however not significant on the quality efficiency however it was generally observed that quality efficiency increased with increase in the nuts size. The machine speed has a significant effect on the quality efficiency. Generally, the quality of the kernel recovered decreased as the machine speed decreased. Beater configuration has significant effect on the quality efficiency of the palm nut cracking machine at 5% significant level. Swing beater can be used instead of conventional beater (rigid beater) to crack palm nut for higher quality of whole kernel recovery.

Drought is one of the most prevalent forms of abiotic environmental stress that reduce crop productivity. A pot experiment was performed in two Aman seasons under drought (40% field capacity, FC) and control (100% field capacity, FC) irrigations to study drought tolerance mechanism(s) based on morphological and physiological traits in six aromatic rice genotypes. Twelve treatments (6 genotypes × 2 irrigations) were arranged in Complete Randomized Design and experiment was carried out at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. In the experiment, drought was imposed at panicle initiation stage where morphological and physiological data were recorded. Important morphological (stem and root dry weight) and physiological (photosynthesis and chlorophyl content) attributes were significantly (P>0.05) decreased at 40% FC in both the years. Compared to control, relative reduction at 40% FC in above parameters, genotypes were classified into tolerant (Binadhan-13 and NERICA mutant) and sensitive (RM-100-16, Ukunimodhu, Kalizira, and BRRI dhan34) categories. Tolerant genotypes had smaller reduction in shoot and root dry mater (av. 7.73 and 5.56 %, respectively) than sensitive ones (av. 19.32 and 21.80%, respectively). Low reduction percentages of the traits under drought stress to that of the control discriminated Binadhan-13 and NERICA mutant genotypes consistently as drought tolerant.

The study was conducted in the trial area of the Department of Horticulture at Atatürk University during the 2022 cropping season to evaluate some agro-morphological characteristics of the dwarf-type snap bean genotypes collected from Erzurum along with the commercial cultivars SARIKIZ and GINA have been widely cultivated there. The genotypes tested in the study showed statistically significant variations in terms of all parameters examined. Genotypes ERZ PA 28 and ERZ UZ 36 reached the earliest fresh maturity time by 58 days.  The genotype with the longest pod was ERZ NR 104 (17.35 cm); the genotypes with the widest pod were ERZ UZ 36 (15.29 mm) and ERZ TO 49 (15.43 mm); and the genotype with the thickest pod was ERZ İS13 (8.75 mm). The ERZ TO 49 genotype had the most pods per plant (32.41), the highest yield per plant (217.73 g), and the highest yield per square meter (1360.79 g/m2), while the ERZ UZ 35 genotype produced the heaviest average pod weight (8.63 g). Additionally, in terms of the number of pods per plant, yield per plant, and yield per square meter, ERZ PA 28 has been determined to produce the results that are closest to ERZ TO 49. According to the study’s findings, ERZ IS 13, ERZ PA 28, ERZ UZ 32, ERZ UZ 35, ERZ UZ 36, ERZ TO 48, ERZ TO 49, ERZ NR 104, ERZ PS 111, ERZ PS 115, and ERZ PS 116 genotypes yields per square meter was founded that higher than commercial cultivars and other genotypes, can offer the producer a sufficient level of yield.

The aim of the study is to be determine the effect of lactose hydrolysis and sugar content on physicochemical properties, sensory profile and HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) content in Dulce de Leche (DL). Lactose free (lactose-hydrolysed) dairy products as well as low sugar products have been developed to supply consumer demand. Two different sucrose concentrations, 16% and 20%, were used in milk jam samples produced by the traditional method. For the formation of desired colour and flavour in the Dulce de Leche, Maillard reaction products are mainly responsible. HMF is Maillard reaction indicator analysed in this work. Fat, protein, solid content, ash, lactic acid and pH analysis were carried out. Sucrose, glucose, fructose and lactose concentrations were determined. Lightness, yellowness and redness as colour parameters of DL samples were evaluated and sensory analyses were also performed. It has been revealed that lactose hydrolysis causes significant changes in the color parameters and sensory profile of the samples. In this study, less or no HMF was detected in the lactose hydrolyzed DL samples compared to the control samples.

Global climate change continues to leave irreversible effects worldwide. With the increase in the effects of climate change, especially in recent years, the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface is also likely to increase. With increasing temperatures, the amount of precipitation in the world has decreased, and the drought has started to alarm. This study is tried to understand how plants can respond to these stresses using ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) species. The effects of these stress factors on plant leaf morphology were investigated by applying certain intensities of drought (moderate [T2] and severe drought [T3]) and UV-B (8 kJ m-2 h-1 [T4] and 12 kJ m-2 h-1 [T5]) stresses on these two species with T1 (control) treatment. As a result, leaf width in A. pseudoplatanus species was at the lowest levels in individuals exposed to T3 and T9. In A. negundo species, leaflet length in T1, T2, T3, T4 T5, T6 (modarete+T4), T7 (modarete+T5), T8 (severe drought+T4), and T9 (severe drought+T5) treatment were 8.800, 8.704, 8.075, 8.792, 8.823, 8.516, 8.317, 7.993, and 8.605 cm, respectively. According to these values, it was observed that the leaflet length was the shortest in T8 (7.993 cm) treatment. On the other hand, the leaflet length in T9 was close to the T1 group. As a result, individuals exposed to T4 were more affected than T5 in applications applied to UV-B stress and T3. Therefore, the increase of UV-B radiation positively affects the plant's resistance to drought stress.

Sanayi devriminden sonra hızlı kentleşmeye paralel olarak ortaya çıkan atıklar ve bu atıkların yönetimi kentler için önemli bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Ülkemizde kentsel atıklar için gelişigüzel uzaklaştırma yöntemi ve düzenli depolama yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Düzenli depolama yöntemi atık üretiminin zararlılığının önlenmesi ve azaltılması amacıyla uygulanmaktadır. Fakat düzenli depolama tesisleri kentsel çevre içerisinde yer aldığında yaşam ortamının kalitesinde düşme ya da kentsel ekolojide bozulmalar gibi çevresel sorunlar meydana getirmektedir. Çevresel sorunlardan biri olan kirleticiler Burdur kentinde yer alan Katı Atık Düzenli Depolama Tesisi ve yakın çevresinde görülmektedir. Katı Atık Düzenli Depolama Tesisi potansiyel kentsel yapılaşma alanında yer almaktadır. Bu sebeptendir ki çevredeki görüntü ve hava kirliliği en aza indirgenmelidir. Tesise peyzaj onarım tekniği kullanılarak peyzaj tasarım projesinin hazırlanması, minimum değişiklikle çevresel sorunların giderilebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda; Burdur kentinde yer alan Katı Atık Depolama Tesisinin sebebiyet verdiği kirleticilerin önüne geçilmesi ve potansiyel kentsel yerleşim alanlarının çevresel kalitesini artırmak amacı ile öneri projesi hazırlanmıştır.