Main aim of this study was to determine the effects of different salt contents (75 mM, 150 mM and 225 mM NaCl), heavy metal (0.2 mg/L FeCl3, NiCl2, ZnCl2), lime (2 mg/L CaCO3), drought (50%) and pollution (0.2 mg/L dust of factories) on photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Siyez wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). All experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions with 16 hour-day and 8 hour-night photoperiod in an incubator at 23 ± 1°C. Results showed that mean chlorophyll-a concentration was highest in the siyez seedlings treated with the pollution, while both mean chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll concentrations were highest with 75 mM salt application. Mean total carotenoid was, however, highest with the drought treatment and mean relative water content was highest with NiCl2 application. Mean MDA and H2O2 contents were found to be highest in the siyez seedlings treated with 225 mM salt, whereas they were lowest with NiCl2 treatment. Mean proline content was highest with the NiCl2 treatment compared to the lowest concentration in the control siyez seedlings (82 µmol/g). Mean APX, CAT and GPOX activities were noted to be highest in the siyez seedlings treated with NiCl2. In general, the siyez seedlings showed high tolerance to the pollution, NiCl2 and drought with having highest photosynthetic pigments, proline, protein content and enzymes activities. Among all treatments, 225 mM NaCl and CaCO3 negatively influenced chemical compounds of the siyez seedling. When all data are taken into consideration, it can be said that higher photosynthetic pigments, proline contents, antioxidant enzymes activities and lower MDA and H2O2 levels play an important role in the resistance of siyez seedlings against abiotic stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinic-histopathologic characteristics and to compare the morphometric measurements of healthy and subclinical laminitic claws of dairy cattle at different ages and weights. Non-lame 60 Holstein feet randomly collected from the slaughterhouse were evaluated. The effects of age, body-weight, claw location (right front lateal or right front medial etc), and presence of laminitis were investigated. The claws’ conformation were evaluated morphometrically with ten measurements (toe length, toe height, outer and inner edges of the claw, heel height, the length of heel, the length of diagonal front wall, dorsal hoof angle, the width and the length of the sole). The claws were classified as normal or laminitic according to the histopathologic findings. The clinical findings of laminitis was confirmed on 71.2% of the claws (n=66). The toe length, toe height, the height of outer and inner edges of the claw, heel height, the length of heel, the length of diagonal front wall were smaller in laminitic claws. The dorsal hoof angle of healthy claws were bigger and statistically significant than the laminitic claws. Small haemorrhagic areas were determined in the parietal corium in the laminitic claws comparing to macroscopically healthy claws. The histopathologic characteristics of the corium of laminitic claws involve the hyperaemia, haemorrhages, oedema, thrombosis of capillaries and presence of mononuclear cell infiltration in dermis, stretching epidermal lamella, necrosis of epithelial cells and detachment of the lamellar basement membrane. According to this study results, contrary to literature, there was not a reliable relation between some changes in morphological structure of the claws and the presence of the laminitis were observed.

In this study; the human health risks of whiting meat and roes, which are frequently consumed in Turkey were evaluated in terms of minerals and heavy metals. The potential of human health risks according to consumption of whiting meats and roes were assessed by estimating of Metal Pollution Index (MPI), Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) levels of heavy metals. The Cd, Hg and Pb results found in the roes were lower than the acceptable limits identified by Turkish Codex. The results showed that the investigated fish meat’s Pb levels were higher than the limit values except from in April and May. The highest Cd content was 0.22 mg.kg-1 in whiting meat in December while the lowest Cd content was 0.03 mg.kg-1 in May. The maximum value of metal pollution indices (MPI) was determined as 0.44 for whiting meat and 0.66 for roes in March. The THQ values of whiting meat and roes were lower than 1 for six months. However, the TTHQ values of whiting meat in February and March were higher than 1 indicating health risk for the consumer by consuming whiting meat.

In continuous monitoring and control systems as required by automation, biosensors are greatly advantageous with their precision, stability, ease of use and response rates. In this study, a new amperometric glucose sensor has been fabricated based on a composite film prepared by electrochemical polymerization of carbazole derivative with having free amino group in presence of the Keggin type polyoxometalate (POM) anion, (nBu4N)3[PW9O34(tBuSiOH)3], in order to meet the needs of the sector. The enzymatic biosensor was prepared by immobilizing the Glucose Oxidase (GOx) enzyme to the surface modified with the POM/PAAC composite. Biosensor preparation and working conditions were optimized and analytical characterizations was carried out. The amperometric response of the POM/PAAC-GOx modified electrode versus varying concentrations of glucose was studied at a potential value of −0.7 V (Ag/AgCl). When the data obtained from these surfaces can be prepared in a short time, it was determined that they are sensitive to the presence of glucose in food samples such as cola and fruit juice. One of the innovations of this study is the shortening of the response time and the easy preparation of the biosensor. In addition to high linearity, short response time and long shelf life advantages in determining the glucose content in foods, it is thought that it will be an economical alternative with its easy preparation, ease of application and time and chemicals gain in measurements.

The study investigated the water quality characteristics of the spring waters, creeks and lakes in Yalova Province, Turkey. The 12-month study was carried out in 2005 and the same study was repeated in the same stations in 2008. Water samples were collected from 9 stations on a monthly basis. For the determination of the water quality, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, potassium, total copper, chlorine, sulphate, iron, phosphate, zinc and sulfide analyses were performed. The water quality parameters of the spring waters, creeks and lakes were determined with respect to months and years. The stations that are known to receive wastewater and solid waste inputs were revealed to have high concentrations of water pollution-indicating parameters.

İnsanoğlu yaşamını devam ettirmek için hava ve suya ihtiyaç duyduğu oranda gıdaya da ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu ihtiyacını doğal tarım yöntemi ile karşılayan toplumlar zamanla dünya nüfusunun artması ve buna paralel olarak gıda ihtiyacının da arttığı gerekçesiyle yüksek verim sağlayan konvansiyonel tarım yöntemine geçmiştir. Çeşitli riskler (kimyasal ilaçlar, kimyasal gübreler vb.) taşıyan bu yöntem bilim insanları arasında farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle konvansiyonel tarıma alternatif bir yöntem olarak organik tarım ortaya çıkmıştır. Günümüzde tüketicilerin de bilinçlenmeye başlaması ile birlikte tüketiciler gıdaları sağlık açısından sorgulamaya başlamışlardır. Bu anlamda gıdanın besin kalitesi ve duyusal kalitesi önem kazanmıştır. Bitkisel (meyve/sebze, tahıllar vb.) ve hayvansal (et, süt vb.) kaynaklı bütün gıdaların kalitesi tarım yönteminden etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada iki farklı tarım yönteminin gıdalar üzerinde oluşturduğu riskler ile gıdaların besinsel ve duyusal kalitesi üzerine etkileri hakkında bilgi verilecektir.

In this study, the effects of different doses of GA3 and Kinetin plant growth agents were investigated in order to alleviate the inhibitory effect of salt (NaCl) stress on common germination and seedling growth of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seeds. The study was carried out in parallel with coincidence blocks in petri dish and pot. Different doses of NaCl (NaCl solution prepared in 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 and 2,0 dS doses) at different doses in the experiment. Kinetin and Gibberelic acid doses in different doses (Vicia sativa L.) seeds (Control-pure water, 300ppm Gibberellic acid, 50ppm Kinetin, 300ppm Gibberellik acid × 50ppm Kinetin) seed germinated in petri dish. The effects of germination percentage, average germination time, germination value, root and stem length, root age and dry weight, root age and dry weight on GA3 and Kinetin applications were observed. At the end of the research, GA3 and Kinetin applications did not have any effect on germination percentage, shorten germination time, increased germination value, GA3 application increased root and stem elongation Kinetin application had no positive effect, maximum root age and dry weight were obtained from GA3 and control units. The effects of GA3 and Kinetin applications on the properties examined in the study on common vetch seeds were very different. It was determined that GA3 applications increased root and stem length and kinetin application adversely affected.

Red beet (Beta vulgaris var. Cruenta Alef.) it is a flowering plant belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae and is cultivated in the regions extending from the west of Europe to all the Mediterranean coasts In Turkey; especially in the Aegean and Marmara regions. In the World, it is used in the production of milk and milk products, fruit juices, sauces, soups, confectionery, jelly, tomato paste, breakfast products, sausages and sausage products. In Turkey, in addition to these, it is widely used, in producing the turnip juice and pickles. There beet is particularly rich in minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus and also contains iron and selenium. Further; rich in antioxidant phenolic substances, betalain and flavonoid. In this study; antibacterial effect of extracts obtained from red beet outer shell and flesh inner part by using different solvents (ethanol, methanol and distilled water) on some food pathogens were determined by dise diffusion method. As a result of the research; the most antimicrobial effect was observed in the water extract obtained from the shell portion of red beet against Listeria monocytogenes with a 17 mm dilution diameter. This value was determined to be followed by methanol extract obtained from the interior of the red beet against Pseudomonas aeroginosa with a 16 mm dilution diameter. The lowest MIC and MBC values were on the Enterobacter aerogenes of beet peel methanol extract with values of 23.44and 31.25 μg / mL, respectively. All results were compared with the reference values of Eucastand CLSI laboratories and resistance and sensitivity were determined.

Bu çalışmada 8. hafta canlı ağırlık tartımlarına göre sınıflandırılarak büyütülen kazların 16. hafta kesim yaşında performans özellikleri ile göğüs ve but etinde renk ve pH değerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya günlük 478 adet palaz ile (dişi-erkek karışık) başlanmıştır. 8. Haftada canlı ağırlığa göre sınıflandırma (hafif, orta ağır, ağır) yapıldıktan sonra 270 adet kaz (dişi-erkek karışık) ile çalışmaya devam edilmiştir. 10. ve 16. haftalarda, ağır grupta canlı ağırlığın daha yüksek olduğu ve hafif grupta ise canlı ağırlık artışının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yemden yararlanma oranı da hafif ve orta ağır grupta daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayak ve but ağırlığı ile göğüs pH değeri ağır grupta, abdominal yağ ağırlığı ve oranı orta ağır grupta, baş oranı hafif grupta daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sınıflandırmalı büyütmenin hafif grupta canlı ağırlık artışı üzerine etkisi olumludur. Kaz yetiştiriciliğinde hedef kesim canlı ağırlıklarına üniform olarak ulaşmak için bu yöntemden faydalanılabilir.

Farmland consolidation is defined as the aggregation of farm lands that are fragmented and dispersed in agricultural sector with the aim of increasing their size for efficiency. The aim of study is to determine the effects of land consolidation practice and its impact on farmer satisfaction levels. Farmer satisfaction analysis was conducted on farmers which have land consolidation practice areas in different regions in Turkey. The data was obtained to be conducted from 1349 farmer interviews in 10 provinces by survey in 2015, and it was based on Likert scale that measured farmer satisfaction level. The data which is used in this analysis was tested by reliability analysis, and the results were obtained via factor analysis and logistic regression. It was found that has positive opinion on land consolidation over 87 percent of farmers, and also was recommended these practices to other farmers. Moreover, the results showed that the important ones from effective factors on farmer satisfaction can be listed as follows: cost reduction, decreasing conflicts between farmers, irrigation and drainage efficiencies, having confidence in technical staff, and facilitating agricultural works.