Bu çalışmanın amacı, glütensiz cips ürününün derin yağda kızartılmadan önce farklı sıcaklık ve sürelerde ön kurutmaya tabii tutularak nem ve yağ absorplama kapasitesinin araştırılmasıdır. Ayrıca cipsin bazı fizikokimyasal içeriği ile duyusal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi de bir diğer amaçtır. 60°C ve 15 dk’ya kadar yapılan ön kurutma neticesinde örneklerin kuru madde içerikleri artarken sıcaklık 70°C’ye çıkartıldığında azalma göstermiştir. Benzer olarak örneklerin yağ içerikleri aynı sıcaklık ve süreye kadar 19,21 g/100g dan 13,06 g/100g’a kadar azalma gösterirken daha sonraki sıcaklık ve sürelerde artış sergilemiştir. Örneklerin kül, su aktivitesi ve protein değerlerinde herhangi bir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Örneklerin renkleri ön kurutma işleminden önemli derecede etkilenmiş ve ön kurutma şartlarına bağlı olarak parlaklık ve sarılığın azaldığı, kırmızılığın ise arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Duysal analizlerde de panelistler cips örneklerine artan ön kurutma sıcaklığı ve süresine bağlı olarak düşük renk skorları vermiştir. Sertlik, tat/koku, yağlılık ve genel beğenide ise anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada yağ içeriği azaltılmış ve daha sağlıklı glütensiz cips ön kurutma işlemi kullanılarak üretilmiştir

At the C.N.I.-I.C.A. Palmira, fruit trees program the influence of "Tabog" Swinglea glutinosa was evaluated as rootstock for acid lime "Tahiti" Citrus aurantifolia, taking into account the following aspects: development and productivility of the trees quality and growth of fruits, demands of nutriments, and resistance or susceptibility to pest and disease; comparing its behavior with the commercial rootstocks rough, lemon C. jambhiri and mandarina, "Cleopatra" C. reticulata. | En el C.N.l. Palmira del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (lCA), se evaluó la influencia del "Tabog" Swinglea glutinosa como porta-injerto para la lima "Tahiti " Citrus aurantifolia, teniendo en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: desarrollo y productividad del árbol, calidad y desarrollo de los frutos, exigencias de nutrimentos, resistencia o susceptibilidad a plagas y enfermedades; comparando su comportamiento con los porta-injertos comerciales limón "Rugoso" C. jambhiri y la mandarina "Cleopatra " C. reticulata.

Highly digestible high-lysine (HDHL) sorghum-wheat composites have previously been shown to produce better composite dough and bread compared to normal sorghum-wheat composites. This study aimed to test whether improved HDHL lines can provide further enhanced functionality through the effects of transglutaminase (TG) enzyme to improve dough rheological properties. Sorghum-wheat composite doughs were made using HDHL and normal sorghum flours at substitution levels of 10, 20, and 30%, with and without 0.15% TG. Rheological properties of dough were tested using a mechanical spectrometer at 0.05% strain amplitude (within the linear viscoelastic region) over a 0.01- 50 rad/sec frequency range. A more elastic system was observed in HDHL sorghum-wheat composites above 10% substitution levels compared to normal sorghum-wheat composite dough. Addition of TG to HDHL sorghum-wheat composites resulted in a decrease in phase angle values at all substitution level, indicating that TG increased the dough elasticity. However, TG did not change viscoelastic properties of normal sorghum-wheat composites. Bread from HDHL sorghum-wheat composites had significantly higher (P

Seeds of two citrus partners, Citrus reshni and C. jambhiri, preserved under two different temperatures-environmental temperature and temperature from 80 to 10 C were planted in an acid soil at 1.100 meters above sea level. In transplanting to bags, seedlings of these partners were inoculated with micorrhizal strains in a natural soil and in non-infected soil. A relationship among foliar area and the maximen length product by the maximum width in the leaves was established. The greatest emergency percentage was obtained during thirty days of storage; at temperatures from 8° to 10°C, the seed was better preserved. In C. reshni species Acaulospora longulata +Entrophospora colombiana exceeded Glomus manihotis and the control in both types of soil, in C. jambhiri in natural soil inoculation was effective. R2 over 99 % were found for linear regression among the foliar area and the length and width of the leaves. The accurate foliar area in Citrus partners in their first stages of growth was estimated through small samples. | En un suelo ácido, a 1.100 msnm, se sembraron semillas de dos patrones de cítricos Citrus reshni y C. jambhiri conservadas en dos temperaturas 8 .10 0C y ambiente, almacenadas por diferentes tiempos. Plántulas de estos patrones se inocularon, al momento del trasplante a bolsas, con cepas micorrizógenas en suelo natural y suelo desinfestado. Se estableció una relación entre área foliar y el producto largo máximo por ancho máximo de las hojas. Con 30 días de almacenamiento se obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de emergencia, en temperaturas de 8-10° C se conservó más la semilla. En C. reshni las especies Acaulospora longulata + Entrophospora colombiana superaron a Glomus manihotis y al testigo en los dos tipos de suelo; en C. jambhiri en suelo natural la inoculación fue efectiva. Se encontraron coeficientes de determinación R2 mayores de 99% para ecuaciones de regresión lineal entre área foliar y largo x ancho de las hojas, y con muestras pequeñas se pudo estimar con exactitud el área foliar de patrones de cítricos en estado de vivero.

Chemical quality analysis results of 5 surface and 30 groundwater resources commonly used in agricultural irrigation in Manisa province were evaluated and the possible effects on soil, plant and drip irrigation system were determined. In this context, the cation (Ca, Mg, Na, K), anion (CO3, HCO3, CI, SO4), Fe, B contents, pH and electrical conductivity values of the water resources as well as the Percentage Sodium, Sodium Adsorption Ratio and the Adjusted Sodium Adsorption Ratio determined by the calculation Permanent Sodium Carbonate, Langelier Saturation Index, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index and Hardness parameters were used. The results indicated that the potential of problem of surface water resources is higher than that of ground water. Salihli-Köseali, Necati bey farms and Alaşehir-Kasaplı underground water resources are used more serious problems than other underground water resources. According to the type of problem that may occur, recommendations were made on measures including washing, salt-resistant plant growing, addition of organic matter and natural Ca sources and the application of dilute acid.

Potato is mainly tagged as a food security crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity remains low due to low adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers. Duration models, namely, Parametric (Weibull) and Non-parametric (Kaplan Meier) were used to analyze the data gathered from 365 sample farmers. The Non-parametric result revealed that the average duration that potato growers should wait before adopting a new variety is about 3.5 years. The Weibull regression indicated that timely availability of seed, access to labor and irrigation water, land size, and adaptation strategy by farmers are found to be factors curtailing the timeframe to adopt improved potato varieties. The regression analysis revealed that costs of inputs such as manure and compost, environmental and market factors such as drought, pest and disease outbreaks, price variability of potato seed, and quality of potato seed were found to be factors influencing adoption decisions of improved potato varieties by smallholder farmers.

Most of the non-irrigated areas in the southeast of the Harran Plain are irrigated by groundwater. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of 13 underground irrigation water sources operating in the agricultural areas of Ohali village in southeast of Harran Plain in Sanliurfa province in terms of some quality characteristics and irrigation. In this context, the waters belonging to 13 underground wells were analysed and examined in terms of irrigation water quality. According to the results of the analysis, the electrical conductivity of water samples was measured between 1127-4090 µS/cm. The SAR value of irrigation water was found to be between 1.05-3.41 and the %Na value was between 16.2% - 31.8%. In the evaluation made according to four different classification systems, in general, waters 6, 7, 8 and 9 were determined as the worst quality in all classification systems. These waters are described “unsuitable” irrigation water. Considering that the plants which have high water consumption such as cotton and corn are cultivated in the region, it is foreseen that if the necessary precautions are not taken, the salinity in the soil will increase and yield losses will be high. It is imperative that these areas, which cannot be irrigated within the scope of GAP irrigation project, be irrigated with clean water as soon as possible. However, an appropriate drainage system must be installed in the area.

“Partido” is a tobacco growing area which extends for some 3000 hectares among the municipalities of San Antonio de los Baños, Güira de Melena and Alquízar in the Cuban province of Artemisa. Predominant soils are Red Ferralitic (Rhodic Ferralsol according to the World Reference Base), with a strong tendency to alkalinization which has a negative impact on the quality of their agricultural use. The aim of this research was to quantify the geographical extension of the degradation process, to determine how deep it happens along the soil profile and to establish its possible relationship with the quality and quantity of water applied to tobacco fields. The chemical, physical and mineralogical analyses of two test pits carried out in the area were compared: one profile without agricultural use with one characteristic soil profile under continuous production. After being subjected to the same irrigation regime in laboratory conditions, it was concluded that degradation affects to 89.56% of the area of tobacco soils evaluated. This phenomenon occurs very deeply along the soil profile and happens downwards, causing the accumulation of calcium and the loss of sodium and potassium in the superficial horizon, what is shown in pH rises. Such processes, associated to irrigation water and to insufficient rainfall regime which are traditional in the territory, have led to changes in the mineralogical composition of these tobacco soils appearance of minerals such as gibbsite which was absent in uncultivated Red Ferralitic soils, which involve the modification of soil classification at gender level.