The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of inclusion of an organic acid and surfactant (OS) combination on moisture optimization and energy sparing in the production of pelleted compound feeds for dairy and beef cattle. The trial was carried out in two independent private commercial feed factories (factories A and B) producing cattle feed in pellet form. Each factory produced 21 tons of commercial cattle feed (7 batches; 3 tons per batch); factory A, a dairy feed containing 2620 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) with 18.90% crude protein (CP); and factory B, a fattening feed containing 2550 kcal/kg ME with 13.00% CP. Batches for the treatment groups were prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ton of OS (Fylax flow) respectively to these basal feeds in the mixer. The moisture retention capacity during pelleting process of all three OS supplemented feeds increased in comparison to the basal feed, whilst moisture content of the finished feeds and energy consumed for production decreased significantly. It was observed that increasing the OS supplementation to 1.5 kg could further increase the moisture retention capacity and moisture content in pellet production compared to the feeds supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 kg OS, due to the lower power rating of the equipment. It has thus been concluded that adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg of OS to commercial compound feeds for dairy resulted in a profitable production with good moisture optimization and energy savings during pelleting.

Con el fin de determinar el efecto que la aplicación de vinaza puede tener sobre las fracciones de fósforo y su relación con la acumulación de biomasa total en maíz dulce, un experimento en invernadero fue realizado con suelos de los municipios de Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll con intrusiones Entic Dystropept) y Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados tratando de suplir los requerimientos de potasio del cultivo de maíz y se fraccionaron en dos épocas: quince días después de la siembra y antes de floración del cultivo. La evaluación de las fracciones de fósforo se realizó al inicio y al final del ensayo, lo mismo que en las épocas de aplicación de la vinaza. La aplicación del T1 (KCl 100%) en el suelo Inceptisol mostró efectos positivos en las fracciones inorgánicas de P disponible y moderadamente disponible. El T2 (100% vinaza) no presentó ningún efecto en las fracciones de fósforo. Las fracciones inorgánicas y orgánicas del P disponible y moderadamente disponible se incrementaron al aplicarse T2 (100% vinaza) en el suelo Mollisol. Para los dos suelos estas mismas fracciones mostraron altos contenidos y diferencias significativas entre muestreos, lo que indica una provisión adecuada en el tiempo de este nutriente, que resulta benéfico para cultivos de ciclo corto. En cuanto a la acumulación de biomasa en maíz dulce, T1 y T2 fueron los tratamientos que presentaron mayores valores en el suelo Inceptisol, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos, lo cual indica que la vinaza puede reemplazar totalmente el KCl. En el Mollisol, T1 y T4 presentaron los mayores valores de acumulación de biomasa total, lo cual prueba que es posible reemplazar el 75% del fertilizante de síntesis por vinaza, ya que no presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre ellos.

Con el fin de determinar el efecto que la aplicación de vinaza puede tener sobre las fracciones de fósforo y su relación con la acumulación de biomasa total en maíz dulce, un experimento en invernadero fue realizado con suelos de los municipios de Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll con intrusiones Entic Dystropept) y Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados tratando de suplir los requerimientos de potasio del cultivo de maíz y se fraccionaron en dos épocas: quince días después de la siembra y antes de floración del cultivo. La evaluación de las fracciones de fósforo se realizó al inicio y al final del ensayo, lo mismo que en las épocas de aplicación de la vinaza. La aplicación del T1 (KCl 100%) en el suelo Inceptisol mostró efectos positivos en las fracciones inorgánicas de P disponible y moderadamente disponible. El T2 (100% vinaza) no presentó ningún efecto en las fracciones de fósforo. Las fracciones inorgánicas y orgánicas del P disponible y moderadamente disponible se incrementaron al aplicarse T2 (100% vinaza) en el suelo Mollisol. Para los dos suelos estas mismas fracciones mostraron altos contenidos y diferencias significativas entre muestreos, lo que indica una provisión adecuada en el tiempo de este nutriente, que resulta benéfico para cultivos de ciclo corto. En cuanto a la acumulación de biomasa en maíz dulce, T1 y T2 fueron los tratamientos que presentaron mayores valores en el suelo Inceptisol, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos, lo cual indica que la vinaza puede reemplazar totalmente el KCl. En el Mollisol, T1 y T4 presentaron los mayores valores de acumulación de biomasa total, lo cual prueba que es posible reemplazar el 75% del fertilizante de síntesis por vinaza, ya que no presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. | In order to determine the effect that the vinasse application has on P fractions and their relationship to the accumulation of total biomass in sweet corn, a greenhouse experiment was performed with soils from the municipalities of Florida (Inceptisol Typic Argiudoll with intrusions Entic Dystropept) and Palmira (Mollisol Fluventic Haplustoll) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications was used. The treatments were applied trying to supply the potassium requirements of growing corn and separated into two periods: 15 days after sowing and, before crop flowering. The evaluation of phosphorus fractions was performed at the beginning and end of the test, as in the time of vinasse application. The application of T1 (KCl 100%) in the Florida soil showed positive effects on the inorganic fraction of available and moderately available P. The T2 (100% vinasse) had no effect on phosphorus fractions. Inorganic and organic fractions of available and moderately available P increased, as did applying T2 (100% Vinasse) in Mollisol. For both soils these same fractions showed high levels and significant difference between sampling indicating an adequate supply at the time of this nutrient, which is beneficial for short-cycle crops. Regarding the accumulation of biomass on sweet corn, T1 and T2 were the treatments that had higher values in Inceptisol without showing significant differences between them indicating that Vinasse can completely replace KCl. In Mollisol, T1 and T4 had the highest values of total biomass accumulation, showing that it is possible to replace 75% of synthetic fertilizer by Vinasse because did not statistics differ between them.

This study examined the nexus between cluster farming and household dietary diversity among smallholder wheat farmers in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Three-stage sampling procedures were employed to gather data from 384 household heads on a cross-sectional survey that was carried out in June 2022. Descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model were used for data analysis. The average, minimum, and maximum household dietary diversity scores were 7.10, 1, and 11, respectively. A significant difference was observed: participants in cluster farming had 14% more dietary diversity than their counterparts. Sex, marital status, participation in wheat cluster farming, home gardening, off-farm income, number of crops grown, cooperative membership, and access to training determined household dietary diversity. The study indicates that dietary diversity in households is influenced by a variety of factors. While wheat cluster-based farming is heavily promoted, household food and nutrition security also need to consider other elements like home gardening, off-farm income, cooperative membership, and training access.

Models for the prediction of water loss (ML) and solid gain (SG) in osmotic dehydration process based on artificial neural network (ANN) perform better as compared to other models developed for osmotic dehydration, because these models mathematically correlate a wide quantity of processing variables with ML and SG. The main advantage of these models is that they are predictive rather than correlative, also these models can be easily implemented in a spreadsheet, and they are very useful and practical for process design and control. The aim of this work is to use a developed model based on ANN to predict outcomes in osmotic dehydration processes. Predictions were made with different process conditions and were validate by using experimental data reported in literature. Good predictions of ML (MRE 19%) and variable behavior for SG (MRE: 62%) were obtained. | Los modelos para predecir las cinéticas de pérdida de agua (ML) y ganancia de sólidos (SG) empleando redes neuronales artificiales (ANN) han demostrado tener mejor comportamiento que los demás modelos desarrollados debido a que correlacionan empíricamente gran cantidad de las variables con ML y SG. La principal ventaja de estos modelos es que son predictivos en vez de correlativos, además pueden implementarse fácilmente en una hoja de datos, y son muy útiles y prácticos para el diseño y control del proceso. El objetivo de este trabajo es emplear un modelo desarrollado con ANN para predecir resultados en procesos de deshidratación osmótica. Se hicieron predicciones de comportamiento con diferentes condiciones de proceso y se validaron con resultados experimentales presentados en la literatura. Se obtuvieron buenas predicciones de ML (MRE 19%) y un comportamiento variable para SG (MRE 62%).

İnsanların beslenmesinde gluten içeren besinler önemli yer tutmaktadır. Gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklar bulunmakta olup bunlar çölyak hastalığı, buğdaya karşı IgE aracılı alerji ve çölyak dışı gluten duyarlılığı olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Bireylerin gluten duyarlılıkları arasında farklılıklar olup gluten duyarlılığı olan bireylerin gluten içeren besinleri tüketmeleri durumunda en başta bağırsak dokusu olmak üzere birçok dokuda histopatolojik yapılarında ve otoimmun sistemlerinde önemli değişiklikler meydana gelebilir. Dokuların histopatolojik yapısındaki değişiklikler dokulara göre değişmektedir. Otoimmun sistemdeki değişiklikler ise Transglutaminaz, Gliadin, IgA, IgG, CD4 ve CD8 gibi parametrelerden en az birinin veya birkaçının incelenmesi ile tespit edilebilir. Gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklarda etkili tedavi şekli glutensiz/gluten kısıtlı diyet olmakla birlikte bağışıklık sisteminde rol alan mekanizma ve moleküllerin saptanması yeni tedavi yöntemlerini oluşturulmasına yol gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada amaç gluten ve gluten metabolizması bozukluğuna bağlı oluşan hastalıklar arasındaki ilişkinin derlemesidir.

Se colectaron picudos de Cosmopolites y Metamasius en municipios del Valle del Cauca, Caldas y Quindío. Se obtuvieron cultivos monospóricos con diluciones de 10-10 y 10-11. Los aislamientos fueron almacenados a -80°C con glicerol al 10% y el ADN a -20°C. Los marcadores moleculares RAM generaron 82 fragmentos de los cuales 67% fueron polimórficos con una heterocigocidad de 0.24, que indica diversidad media a alta. A un índice de similitud 0.84 se formaron 5 grupos: uno con 11 aislamientos y 4 con un solo aislamiento. En el gran grupo se detectó un duplicado y se encontró diversidad del hongo en los sitios muestreados. No se encontró relación entre aislamientos sobre Cosmopolites y Metamasius o zona geográfica en la formación de grupos genéticos. | Weevils Cosmopolites and Metamasius in municipalities of the Valle del Cauca, Caldas and Quindío departaments of Colombia were collected. Monosporic cultures were obtained from10-10 and 10-11 dilutions of Beauveria bassiana. Isolates were kept at -80°C with 10% glycerol and DNA stored at -20°C. RAMs molecular markers generated a total of 82 fragments of which 67% were polymorphic. A heterozygosity value of 0.24 indicated a medium - high diversity. Five groups were formed which have a similarity value of 0.84 and one big group with 11 isolates and four groups with only one isolate. In the big group was detected a duplicate and fungi genetic diversity in the sampled places. Neither relationship among isolates of Cosmopolites and Metamasius nor geographical zone related to the formation of genetic groups.

Günümüzde şehirleşmenin artması ve şehir merkezlerinin genişlemesi, birçok kent merkezinde sanayi alanları, yerleşim alanları ve tarım alanlarının iç içe geçmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu durum tarım topraklarının antropojenik kirlilik kaynaklarından önemli ölçüde etkilenmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu toprakların kirlenmesi, gıda olarak tüketilen ürünler yetiştirildiğinde insan sağlığı açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Bundan dolayı bu topraklar kirlilik yönünden kontrol edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada da Ankara İli Yenimahalle İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan tarım topraklarında 20 farklı örnekleme istasyonundan, üç farklı toprak derinliğinden alınan topraklar numunelerinde, insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından en tehlikeli ve zararlı ağır metallerden olan kobalt (Co) konsantrasyonunun değişimi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ortalama Co konsantrasyonunun 0-15 cm derinlikteki topraklarda 14556,8 ppb, 15-30 cm derinliklerdeki topraklarda 15273,4 ppb ve 30-45 cm derinlikteki topraklarda 14761,1 ppb düzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Lokasyon bazında en düşük değer 7348,3 ppb ile L1 lokasyonunda (yerleşim alanında açık alanda) belirlenirken en yüksek değer 23609,1 ppb ile L8 lokasyonunda (yerleşim alanında, sanayi bölgesine yakın açık alanda) elde edilmiştir.

Abstract: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2> 0.95, % CV <10% % R> 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P <0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food. | Resumen: La bioacumulación de metales pesados como el Cadmio ha sido una de las principales preocupaciones en comunidades científicas y organizaciones alimentarias a nivel internacional, dado el gran riesgo toxicológico que supone para el consumidor, y que en muchos lugares no se cuenta con un registro detallado de su contenido real. Es de esta manera que surge la necesidad de realizar un estudio y registro de la concentración de este metal en productos como el chocolate de mesa, de gran consumo a nivel regional y nacional. De igual manera, se busca contar con herramientas de cuantificación eficaces y con un método confiable y asequible que permita lograr este objetivo. En este trabajo se determinó el contenido de Cadmio en chocolate de mesa en polvo y granulado, elaborado y comercializado en el municipio de Chiquinquirá, Boyacá-Colombia, empleando el método de voltamperometría diferencial de pulso de redisolución anódica (PDASV). Previamente, se validaron los parámetros de este método, evaluando selectividad, linealidad, sensibilidad, precisión y exactitud con resultados satisfactorios: selectivo a un rango de potencial de 0.54 a 0.64 V, sensibilidad en ppb, R2 > 0.95, %C.V < 10%, %R > 80%). El análisis de varianza mostró que no existen diferencias estadísticas significativas (P<0.05) entre los resultados. La cuantificación de Cadmio en muestras de chocolate granulado y en polvo mostró valores de concentración entre 214 y 260 ppb, registrando las concentraciones más altas el chocolate en polvo. El nivel de cadmio no superó el límite de ingesta semanal tolerable para este tipo de alimentos.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2&gt; 0.95, % CV &lt;10% % R&gt; 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P &lt;0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food. | Bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium has been a major concern in scientific communities and international food organizations, given the great toxicological risk to the consumer, and in many places there is no detailed record of its actual content. In this way, the need arises to carry out a study and registration of the concentration of this metal in products such as table chocolate, of great consumption at regional and national level. Likewise, we seek to have effective quantification tools and a reliable and affordable method to achieve the aim of this research. In this research, Cadmium content in powdered and granulated table chocolate was determined, elaborated and commercialized in the municipality of Chiquinquira, Boyacá-Colombia, using the differential pulse voltammetric method of anodic redisolution (DPVMAR). Previously, the parameters of this method were evaluated, selecting selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy with satisfactory results as follows: selective at a potential range of 0.54 to 0.64 V, sensitivity in ppb, R2&gt; 0.95, % CV &lt;10% % R&gt; 80%). Analysis of variance showed no significant statistical differences (P &lt;0.05) between the results. Cadmium quantification in samples of granulated and powder chocolate showed values of concentration between 214 and 260 ppb, with the highest concentrations of powder chocolate. Cadmium level did not exceed the tolerable weekly intake limit for this type of food.