It is known that agricultural lands remain limited due to the ever increasing human population. That is why the necessity of increasing the crop production is constantly emphasized. In the crop production, quality should be increased along with yield. Nonetheless, there are amounts that people should take from each group of nutrients daily to ensure adequate and balanced nutrition. As known, malnutrition has negative effects on human health, which causes some diseases. Field crops, as well as other feeding groups, are of great importance in human nutrition. It is known that oil plants, which belong to the group of industrial plants, have an important place in human nutrition as in the vast majority of field crops. Thus, in this article, some important oil plants will be examined in terms of human nutrition.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and hazelnut kernel meal (HKM). In this study, each feedstuff was divided into two treatment groups (unfermented and fermented) with five replicates. Nutritional changes in the feedstuffs were determined by analyzing crude protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber contents. Solid-state fermentation had effects on the nutritional composition in all feedstuffs. The best improvement in nutritional quality was obtained from the HKM with increasing the crude protein and decreasing the structural carbohydrates content. Fermented HKM can be considered as an alternative protein feed for soybean meal considering the nutritional composition.

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata was demonstrated to have a benefit healthy due to containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, A. formosanus is usually processed to produce tea bags which would destroy the bioactive compounds because of the processing procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extracted methods including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC-4356 to extract the active pharmaceutical ingredients from A. formosanus. The extracted liquid was analyzed total phenolics, total polysaccharide, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that three methods have a positive effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds of A. formosanus in which the fermentation showed the best result. The total phenolic content, total polysaccharide content and antioxidant capacity that extracted by the fermentation method were 11.762 mg GAE/g; 48.914 mg GE/g, and 1.582 mgVit C/g compare to MAE and UAE which were 7.818 mg and 8.128 GAE/g samples; 41.22 and 37.91mg GE/g samples; 1.032 and 1.163 mgVit C/g respectively. The A. formosanus fermentation method by L. acidophilus promotes bioactive compounds of high biological value. This study would suggest a novel use of lactic fermenting A. formosanus in the production of functional foods.

Farmland consolidation is defined as the aggregation of farm lands that are fragmented and dispersed in agricultural sector with the aim of increasing their size for efficiency. The aim of study is to determine the effects of land consolidation practice and its impact on farmer satisfaction levels. Farmer satisfaction analysis was conducted on farmers which have land consolidation practice areas in different regions in Turkey. The data was obtained to be conducted from 1349 farmer interviews in 10 provinces by survey in 2015, and it was based on Likert scale that measured farmer satisfaction level. The data which is used in this analysis was tested by reliability analysis, and the results were obtained via factor analysis and logistic regression. It was found that has positive opinion on land consolidation over 87 percent of farmers, and also was recommended these practices to other farmers. Moreover, the results showed that the important ones from effective factors on farmer satisfaction can be listed as follows: cost reduction, decreasing conflicts between farmers, irrigation and drainage efficiencies, having confidence in technical staff, and facilitating agricultural works.

Otomasyon, insan müdahalesine ihtiyaç duyulmadan çeşitli cihaz, sistem ve programların işletilmesini sağlayan mekanik, elektronik ve bilgisayar tabanlı bir teknolojidir. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi; çevre, su kaynakları ve üretim maliyeti dikkate alınarak daha az insan gücü, daha kontrollü ve daha kaliteli tarımsal üretim ile planlanmalıdır. Sulama programını sera, tarla ve bahçe bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinde uygulama becerisine sahip olmalıdır. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi bazı işlem basamakları takip edilerek oluşturulmaktadır. Bunlar; sulama programının hazırlanması, sistem bileşenlerinin seçilmesi, projenin hazırlanması, yazılımın hazırlanarak test edilmesi ve sistemin kurulmasıdır. Bu aşamalardan geçirilen sulama otomasyon sistemi, sulama suyunun etkin kullanımını sağlar, işçiliği azaltır, sulama programını izler ve üretim maliyetlerini azaltır. Bu çalışmada, bitki su tüketimine ve bitki kök bölgesindeki nem düzeyine duyarlı sulama otomasyonu sistemlerinin tasarımına yardımcı olabilecek iş akış şemaları oluşturulmuştur.

Food waste and loss is an ecological, economic and social problem. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization states that approximately one third of all edible foods produced for human consumption are wasted or lost after harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting food waste behavior of consumers. In order to reach this aim, a questionnaire was conducted with 583 people in November and December of 2018 in Çorum province. The obtained data were analyzed and explained through Structural Equation Models. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a 5-factor structure explaining 76,612% of the total variance was obtained. These factors were named as norm, intention, result awareness, purchasing behavior and planning. These factors were found to have validity, reliability and internal consistency. In addition, it was investigated whether the factors were compatible with the fit indices by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit indices values. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit index values. The effect of the factors on the relationship between each other and the waste behavior were measured by means of the path analysis. As a result of this study, although consumers have positive statements regarding consequence awareness, intent and norms, they have been determined to be unstable in planning and purchasing. Besides, although there was a direct effect of intent and result awareness on waste behavior, it was determined that planning and norms had indirect effects. Considering that the intention is the most influential factor on waste behavior, it should be focused on the activities that will create result awareness in society.

This trial was realized in the greenhouses of Uludag University Yenisehir Vocational School between 2009 and 2010 to investigate effects of water deficit on yield and quality parameters of pepper during four crop growth stages. In this study, fourteen irrigation treatments in four growth periods (vegetative, flowering, yield formation and ripening) of pepper (Capsicum annuum l. Demre) were constituted and the yield and quality parameters found from these treatments were evaluated. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each of the fourteen irrigation treatments tested. According to the content of the treatments, the irrigation amount water applied to the plants varied between 0 and 744 mm in the first year, and between 0 and 750 mm in the second year. Water consumption of pepper in the first year ranged between 320 and 760 mm and in the second year ranged between 330 and 770 mm. Yield, fruit weight, diameter, length and dry matter ratio were determined statistically significant. In 2009 and 2010 years, the maximum yield were found as 26.2 t ha-1 and 27.8 t ha-1 in V100F100Y100R100 treatments, while the minimum yield were found as 0.2 t ha-1 and 0.3 ha-1 in the V0F0Y0R0 treatments, respectively. Water- yield relationship factors (ky) in 2009 and 2010 years were found as 1.29 and 1.24, respectively. The maximum WUE and IWUE values were obtained from vegetative and ripening periods. Vegetative and ripening periods may be suggested as the maximum efficient irrigation periods for the pepper applied with drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse conditions.

Subacute rumen acidosis is a metabolic disease that usually occurs in the form of recurrent seizures of low rumen pH during periods giving of high energy-containing rations and usually lasts for several minutes or several hours. The most important clinical signs are decreased feed consumption, live weight loss, decrease in rumen movements, abomasum displacement, laminitis, diarrhea, decrease in milk yield and milk fat yield, softening of feces, presence of undigested grains in feces. In this article, the reasons of subacute rumen acidosis which causes significant economic losses in dairy cow farms, methods that can be applied to detect and prevent it have been emphasized.

İnsanoğlu yaşamını devam ettirmek için hava ve suya ihtiyaç duyduğu oranda gıdaya da ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu ihtiyacını doğal tarım yöntemi ile karşılayan toplumlar zamanla dünya nüfusunun artması ve buna paralel olarak gıda ihtiyacının da arttığı gerekçesiyle yüksek verim sağlayan konvansiyonel tarım yöntemine geçmiştir. Çeşitli riskler (kimyasal ilaçlar, kimyasal gübreler vb.) taşıyan bu yöntem bilim insanları arasında farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle konvansiyonel tarıma alternatif bir yöntem olarak organik tarım ortaya çıkmıştır. Günümüzde tüketicilerin de bilinçlenmeye başlaması ile birlikte tüketiciler gıdaları sağlık açısından sorgulamaya başlamışlardır. Bu anlamda gıdanın besin kalitesi ve duyusal kalitesi önem kazanmıştır. Bitkisel (meyve/sebze, tahıllar vb.) ve hayvansal (et, süt vb.) kaynaklı bütün gıdaların kalitesi tarım yönteminden etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada iki farklı tarım yönteminin gıdalar üzerinde oluşturduğu riskler ile gıdaların besinsel ve duyusal kalitesi üzerine etkileri hakkında bilgi verilecektir.

Peynir üretimi ile eski zamanlardan bu yana önemli bir yere sahip olan Kırklareli ilinde önemli ticari potansiyele sahip olan iki farklı peynir, Kırklareli Beyaz Peyniri (KBP) ve KBP ve KEKP üretiminde belli oranlarda koyun sütü, keçi sütü ve inek sütü karışımı kullanılmaktadır. Kırklareli peynirlerini ayırt edici kılan temel bazı özellikler mevcuttur. Bu özellikleri coğrafi yapı ve iklim koşullarına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan doğal bitki örtüsünün getirdiği etki, peynir hammaddesi olan sütün taşımış olduğu farklılıklar, son olarak ve en önemlisi ise üretim yöntemi ve olgunlaşma sürecinde yer alan temel farklılıklar ile belirtildiği gibi süregelen tarihsel ustalık şeklinde özetlemek mümkündür. KBP ve KEKP taşıdığı farklılıkları bir zincir gibi hayvan beslenmesinden, süte, sütten peynire yansımaktadır. İlin botanik kompozisyonunu oluşturan türlerin oranları hayvanların yemini oluşturmaktadır. Botanik özelliklerine göre Kırklareli meralarında yaygın olan bitkiler buğdaygiller (Poaceae), baklagiller (Fabaceae), geniş yapraklı otlar (Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae vd.) ve çalılardır (Fagaceae vd.). Bu 3 farklı bitki grubunun süt ve peynir üzerine farklı şekillerde etkileri bulunmaktadır ve protein miktarı, yağ oranı vb. gibi en temel kalite kriterlerini etkilemektedir. Bunların dışında sütün mikrobiyal yükünün çok düşük olması ile başlayan ve üretim koşullarının getirdiği birçok farklılık ta mevcuttur. İlde üretilen sütlerin AB kriterlerine uygun olması, öncelikle düşük pastörizasyon sıcaklığı gibi çok önemli bir avantajı beraberinde getirmektedir. Üretimlerinde yalnızca inek sütü kullanılabileceği gibi koyun sütü, keçi sütü ve inek sütü karışımı da kullanılabilir. Karışım oranları ise %30-%45 koyun sütü, %25-%40 keçi sütü, %15-%30 inek sütü şeklindedir.