Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that is rich with phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Extract of propolis has a high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties due to the presence of these compounds. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to examine the antibacterial and the antioxidant activities of standardized, commercial water extract of propolis in vivo assays, and to assess its impact on preservation of raw beef meatballs aerobically packaged and stored at 4ºC for 7 days. The results showed that the propolis extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vivo test. Furthermore, meatballs prepared with the propolis extract had an extended shelf life about a week in comparison to the regular meatballs. Besides, the propolis extract was a very effective natural antioxidant agent for controlling the oxidative changes in meatballs. The propolis treatment provided 64.6% reduction in the malondialdehyde formation at the final day of storage. Color lightness and yellowness values of meatballs were not affected by the propolis treatment, only difference was observed in redness values. The pH of the meatballs prepared with the propolis extract almost stayed constant during storage, while the pH of the control meatball samples increased. In summary, propolis extract exhibited a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in vivo assays and in a meat product. Accordingly, it should be used in meat product formulations to enhance preservation of meat products.

This study assessed the proximate composition, sensory quality and consumer acceptability of beef sausage fortified with edible meat waste. Lean beef and edible meat waste (EMW) samples were obtained from commercial abattoir and combined in ratio 50:50 and 70:30 and designated as T1 and T2 respectively, while CT contained 90% lean meat and 10% fat. The fresh T1, T2 and CT sausages were thermal processed using microwave and oven-grilling cooking methods. The results showed significant difference in moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of raw and cooked sausages across treatments. Raw sausage fortified with EMW had higher protein and lower lipid contents compared to control treatment (90/10, CT). Cooking of the sausage significantly decreased moisture and increase lipid, protein and lipid content, with microwaved sausage having higher values. The results of sensory quality showed that beef sausage fortified with EMW were all acceptable to consumers, irrespective of the cooking methods used. The distribution of consumers who liked the appearance, colour, texture and flavour of the sausage meat containing EMW were higher than those who dislike the products. Therefore, this study shows that EMW could be successfully used in meat industry to improve quality of sausage during production.

Floodplains known as 'Fadama' is encouraged in Nigeria by the world bank in order to boost agriculture and food security. This activity is being managed by the State ministries of agriculture through Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) nationwide. This is a case study of Jalingo area of Taraba State, Nigeria where farmers used any available water from rivers, streams and wells without any regulations. The water samples for quality analysis were collected in five (5) different floodplain locations from three (3) different sources. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from river, borehole and well using plastic bottle container both in August (peak of raining season) and November (end of raining season) respectively. Data from water samples were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for significant effect of source and location water quality for irrigation purposes. The suitability of the source and location water quality after comparing with the water standard for irrigation have most of their chemical properties within safe limit for irrigation purposes both in August and November respectively. (pH =6.26 to 6.81, Total Dissolved Solid, TDS = 113 to 345 mg/L, Total Suspended Solid, TSS = 1.72 to 1.95 mg/L, Bicarbonates, HCO3 = 5.76 to 10.88 mg/L, Carbonated, CO3 = 0.07 to 0.77 mg/L, Sodium, Na = 0.003 to 0.031 mg/L, Magnesium Mg = 4.84 to 5.93 mg/L, Calcium, Ca = 9.62 to 11.97 mg/L). From the results of the study, it could be observed that the quality of water across the locations irrespective of period of observation and source are good and hereby recommended for irrigation purposes.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities of improving chilling stress tolerance of eggplant seedlings through exogenous melatonin (MEL) application. Eggplant (Hadrian F1) seedlings were treated with various concentrations (0, 1, 5 or 25 μM) of MEL via soil drench after which they were subjected to chilling stress at 5°C/10°C (night/day) for 3 days. Following stress imposition, the efficacy of MEL applications on enhancing chilling stress tolerance was determined by several physical and physiological measurements and biochemical analyses. The results demonstrated that exogenous application of MEL alleviated the adverse effects of chilling stress in eggplant seedlings. Among the MEL concentrations tested, 5 µM was determined as the most effective concentration since antioxidant enzyme (CAT, POX and APOX) and photosynthetic activities increased while visual and membrane damage decreased in 5 µM MEL-treated seedlings. Also, these results are the first experimental evidence that exogenous application of MEL could improve chilling stress tolerance in eggplant, but further detailed studies are necessary to better understand the mechanism in acquiring chilling tolerance.

In this research; the current situation and problems of the cold storages in the province of Van have been studied. In this direction, 21 cold storages registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry were visited and on-site investigations were made. The findings obtained as a result of the surveys made with their owners by considering the features of the cold storages such as the structural and mechanization status, the type of stored product have been effective in identifying problems and suggesting solutions. It is used for white meat and eggs 29% of cold storages, 29% for milk and dairy products, 29% for red meat and 13% for fruit and vegetable storage. In addition, there are 17 fruit and vegetable warehouses, 13 of which are unused, that are not registered in Directorate of Van Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, and these were excluded from the research because they were not registered. The most important problems in warehouses were experienced during the Covid- 19 pandemic process. Lack of the technical capacity, machinery and equipment, qualified personnel, the marketing problems, maintenance and repair, rent, electricity and water expenses are the main ones. Improvement of its structural properties, modern mechanization device, establishment of unions that will enable warehouse owners to act together, eliminating the lack of qualified personnel with Van Yuzuncu Yil University, one of the most important educational institutions in the region and measures to increase export potential will play an important role in solving the problems.

The effect of barium element that can be extremely harmful heavy metal to human and environmental health in urban centers. The barium can cause various environmental pollution due to its anthropogenic accumulation in the environment. Also, it has negative effects on plants, animals, and humans through atmospheric deposition. All Barium (Ba) compounds are harmful heavy metals and they show a poisonous effect on the environment. Thus, it is crucial to determine the Ba concentration in plants grown in areas with high pollution in the landscape, park, and roadside. Biomonitoring with the tree species can be determined which is the best passive biomonitoring method with the tree rings formed by the effect of seasonal differences. The barium has been accumulated in the tree rings for a long time that can provide critical knowledge about the atmospheric barium deposition. The temporal and spatial variations of Ba concentration were analyzed with organs of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) as biomonitors. This study results show that the outer bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) is a convenient biomonitor for Ba deposition.

In this study, poppy seed, which is rich in vegetable oil and protein, was added to the traditional Beyşehir tarhana instead of wheat batter. It was aimed to develop a new product and to open a new field for the use poppy seeds. The physical, chemical and sensory features of Beyşehir tarhana that was made with poppy seeds, were analysed. Results of the study; humidity is 6.75% to 7.94%; as his %2.75 to %3.66; salt 1.66% to 1.44%; protein 16.92% to 25.71%; oil 11.99% to 24.03%; pH 4.56 to 5.56; acidity 16.43% to 14.59%; energy 423.13 kcal/100g to 480.36 kcal/100g; carbohydrates 61.9% to 40.3%; were found in these amounts, and they are important. Generally, we see that, most of the people liked the taste of the tarhana sample made with 10% poppy seeds so it has the most points. However, the least liked one was the tarhana sample made with %20 poppy seeds and it has the least points. End of the study, it was observed that the addition of poppy seeds to Beyşehir tarhana affected the chemical, physical and sensory qualities of tarhana positively and it was okay with the standards. (Anonymous, 2004) It was determined that the percentage of poppy seeds suitable for tarhana production was 5% and 10%.

In order to assess the potential, farmers satisfaction, and operation and maintenance issues of selected small scale irrigation schemes in Salale Zone Ethiopia, the study was designed with key objectives of evaluating the current status of irrigation water productivity of the schemes; irrigation water users satisfaction, and structures, function, and power of water users association in sustainable operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes. Structured questionnaires focus group discussion, and key informant interview was employed to collect data for each considered irrigation schemes and the data was analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive statistics. The result overall revealed that there was low water productivity of the schemes when it was compared with acceptable limit values. In each considered irrigation scheme, irrigation water users were not satisfied in operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes and less satisfied in fair distribution of water and timeline of water distribution; but fairly satisfied in fee policy. From the perspectives of roles of irrigation water users in leadership, resource mobilization, infrastructure management, equity in water distribution, and conflict management; there was a gap in effectively performing all such activities so that the overall productivity of schemes becomes very low. In general, the research indicated that there was a problem in improving water productivity, farmers’ satisfaction, role of irrigation water users in management, operation, and maintenance of schemes which need due consideration to sustain small scale irrigation schemes so that it will play the intended roles in attaining food security

Budding of Pistacia vera L. seedling at the earlier stage of growth with a certain sex type scion is very important because P. vera vegetative growth stage is long and requires more time to produce fruit to determine the sex type of the trees. Therefore, the current experiment was carried out to determine the best time for budding current seedlings of P. vera during late summer. The budding times were 20 Aug., 1 Sept., 10 Sept., and 20 Sept in 2020, and the seedlings were between 5-6 months along budding times. The results revealed that the highest budding success (50%) was achieved from the seedlings budded on 20 September followed by those seedlings budded on 10 September (38.88%). While, budding success percentage was the lowest in the seedlings budded on 20 August and 1 September with the same ratio (27.77%). The longest shoot and the thicker shoot diameter (19.30 cm and 4 mm, respectively) were achieved in the seedlings which budded on 10 September. In contrast, shoot length was the shortest (3.93 cm) in seedlings that were budded on 20 August, and shoot diameter was almost similar (2.39, 2.23 and 2.72 mm) in all seedlings budded on 20 August, 1 September and 10 September, respectively. This study showed that 20 September was the best time for conducting budding of P. vera seedlings which were produced in nursery black bags in the current season.