This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Vitis vinifera L. seed extract (5 ppm and 10 ppm) on gill and liver tissues histopathology of carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2=Cd) (20 ppb) acute and subchronic period. A total of 140 fish in 14 groups were used in the experiment. The experiment was designed as in two different periods (acute and chronic) and 7 different dose groups (control, vehicle, V. vinifera seed extract 5 ppm, V. vinifera seed extract 10 ppm, Cd 20 ppb, V. vinifera seed extract 5ppm + Cd 20 ppb and V. vinifera seed extract 10 ppm + Cd 20 ppb). At the end of the experiment, the gill and liver tissues dissected from the fish were fixed, dehydrated, cleared, and paraffin impregnated. Appropriately sized blocks were prepared from the tissues, sections of 5-7 µm thickness were taken and covered by staining with hematoxylin-eosin. Stained preparations were examined under a light microscope and photographed. It was determined that all dose groups in the acute period and control groups were not different histopathological. It was determined that the histopathological damage caused by the cadmium group in the subchronic period and tissue damage were reduced in the dose groups with cadmium added with V. vinifera seed extract. As a result of the study, it was concluded that V. vinifera seed extract could have a therapeutic effect on the gill and liver tissues of carp exposed to cadmium.

With this study, for guiding the policies on the protection of native animal genetic resources, the opinions of the sheep breeders about the national sheep and goat breeding program under farmer condition were evaluated within the scope of the purposes and needs of the breeders in Niğde province. The primary data was collected from 108 farms in Nigde Province Center and Bor districts, including 54 farms determined by the stratified sampling method from participated farms in the sheep breeding program and including 54 farms determined by the total population sampling method from not-participated farms in the sheep breeding program. As a result of the study, breeders stated that the main reasons for participating in the project were the ensuring both productivity increase by reducing the number of lamb deaths, and income increase by receiving the support from the project. Breeders stated that the project meets their expectations in a positive way. Approximately two-thirds of the farms not involved in the project were interested in the project, but the farms in this group were not able to participate in the project because they could not meet the project requirements mainly because they made animal production in small family farms by traditional methods. In addition, the study indicated that agricultural support programs to encourage participation in the breeding program were important for breeders. In this context, the support model for reducing costs was selected by breeders as the best criterion in a policy to be implemented for the protection of native animal genetic resources. It is recommended to expand the use of breeding material obtained from the project throughout the country. Besides it is recommended to expand programs in matters related to regular record keeping and animal care, feeding, herd management and health for small family farms.

In recent years, it has gained importance to develop models to determine the contribution of parks to reducing the temperature together with their surroundings. ENVI-met, which is used for this purpose, allows simulations for different conditions/materials with projections over many years. This study aims to determine the temperature levels arising from the surface materials and the projections of long years in the near areas of Cumhuriyet Park in Çukurova District of Adana. The study consists of 3 stages. In the first stage, information about the subject was gathered together. In the second stage, modeling was carried out using ENVI-Met 4.4.5 climatic simulation software in order to determine the temperature levels caused by different materials in the study area. The scenario for the future has been put forward. The data obtained in the third stage of the study were evaluated and suggestions were presented. As a result of the study, it was determined that Cumhuriyet Park, which is one of the important green areas of Çukurova district, contributed significantly to the decrease in the temperature level around it. This contribution is felt more intensely especially in the immediate vicinity of the park. It has been shown that the effect decreases with distance from the park. In the scenario put forward at the end of the 28-year period, it is predicted that the temperature level of the parking area will increase by approximately 2.4°C. This study reveals the importance of the selection of soil materials in preventing the warming of cities because of climate change experienced all over the world. In this context, local administrations attach importance to efforts to increase the quality of urban life; developing strategies in this regard is important for achieving results.

Cultivation and consumption of berry fruits in the world and in our country is increasing due to reasons such as different ways of evaluation, high income per unit area and health benefits. Aronia, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, is a berry type that can be easily grown in temperate climates and has a high yield per unit area. Aronia is included in healthy nutrition programs due to the antioxidants, phenols, minerals and vitamins it contains. Besides fresh consumption, aronia fruits are also used by drying, processing into products such as fruit juice, vinegar, jam, tea, marmalade.

This study was carried out as a pot experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in order to reveal the effect of microalgae [Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck (Beijerinck)] application on plant growth of rocket salad (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa Mill.) in different doses of fertilizer applications. Sieved soil in 3-liter pots was used as the growing medium. Equal amount of irrigation was applied to all pots during the period from seed sowing to the end of the experiment. Microalgae application was applied twice (100 ml and 150 per pot) to the seedling growing medium. As chemical fertilizer, 0%, 50% and 100% of NPK (160 mg N kg-1, 80 mg P2O5 kg-1, and 100 mg K2O kg-1) were applied. As parameters in rocket plants, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf relative water content, membrane damage index, total soluble content, and some nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, and Mn) contents were examined. According to the data obtained, microalgae applications were found to have a positive effect on plant growth in general. It was observed that the values increased in most parameters examined in algae-applied applications compared to the control group. Among the applications, the best values were found in 50% fertilizer + microalgae and 100% fertilizer + microalgae applications.

This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of four biochar materials; in reducing nitrate leaching from soils of three different textural classes in the Nigerian Savanna region. Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were collected from three different soil types and three different locations each in the Nigerian Savanna using stratified random sampling. Two hundred and fifty (250) g of soil samples were amended with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 tonha-1 of Maize cob biochar (MCB), rice husk biochar (RHB), cow dung biochar (CDB) and poultry litter biochar (PLB) and were subjected to laboratory leaching experiment. Sixty (60) ml of nutrient solutions containing 300 mgl-1 nitrate using ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was applied to each of the laboratory biochar-incubated soil columns to study biochar effect on nutrients retention and transport. The experiment was laid in a Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Leachates were collected and nitrate concentration was determined using a dual beam UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The data collected were analysed using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure and the means were separated using Tukey’s honest significant difference (SAS version 9.4). Results obtained revealed that there were no significant differences among the biochar treatments on nitrate leaching from Clay loam. However, highest nitrate leaching from Loamy soil of 30.53% was recorded by the application of 2.5 tonha-1 PLB and was significantly different from the application of 2.5 and 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 5-ton ha-1 MCB. Similarly, highest nitrate leaching from Sandy loam of 32.18 % was recorded by the application of 5-ton ha-1 MCB and was significantly higher than 5.94, 2.40 and 7.12 % recorded by the application of 2.5 and 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 7.5 tonha-1 CDB respectively. Therefore, application of 2.5, 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 7.5 tonha-1 CDB can effectively reduce nitrate leaching from Sandy loam. While 2.5, 5, 7.5 tonha-1 CDB and 2. 5 and 5 tonha-1 RHB reduced nitrate leaching from Loamy soils.

This study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to determine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental setup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were the control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-scent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months. Considering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were Melissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of feeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the color preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was 4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months. The highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green colored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.

This study was conducted to determine the annual energy use and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of individual deep well irrigation enterprise. That study was conducted at deep well farm belonging to one farmer with volunteer preforming farming activities in Konya-Meram-Çarıklar location for the growing season of 2021. In that regard, the activities using alfalfa and dry bean production, and total production inputs with their amounts as well as crop yields were determined separately. By considering unit energy equivalent values and GHG emission factors of each input, annual energy consumption and GHG emission values were calculated. Similarly, by examining energy content and crop yield in accordance of crop production unit (kg), annual produced energy amount was calculated. The evaluation was made using energy used and energy produced as well as GHG emission values indicators at individual deep well irrigation farm. According to the results obtained, annual energy use and energy production were calculated 253035 mega-joule (MJ), and 487960 MJ, respectively for individual well irrigation farm. The electricity used during the irrigation processes resulted around 71% of annual energy consumption. The annual GHG emission amount as an equivalent to the carbon dioxide (CO2eqv) for research farm with GWI was determined as 18575 kg (18575 kgCO2eqv year-1). Almost 52% of annual GHG emission was resulted from electricity used in irrigation.

In this study orange pulp, dried in hot air, was replaced at control, 7.5, 15 and 22.5% levels (DM basis) with ground corn in the concentrate feeds of dairy goats. Considering the milk yield, average live weight and age of the animals, a total of 24 animals were used in 4 groups with 6 animals in each. Goats with 1375±330 ml milk yield, 2.45±0.17 years of age and 55.40±0.91 kg body weight were chosen for the trial. The animals were housed in individual compartments of 2x2 m during the study. In 2 weeks of adaptation, 8 weeks data collection of the trial, feed and water were provided ad libitum. Orange pulp utilisation increased dry matter intake, did not change milk yield and feed conversion rates, and negatively affected the body weight changes. Somatic cell counts were found to be lower in the control group in the middle of the study. Blood glucose and cholesterol levels were reduced, NEFA and BHB increased due to the treatments.

With their urban green spaces, cities enable people to live a comfortable social and physical life. However, recent population growth and fast urbanization have resulted in a decline of green areas in urban areas over time. Cities' livability rate is being reduced as a result of this situation. In addition to these quantitative values of urban green areas, their qualitative characteristics also have an important place in terms of the benefits they provide to cities and their users. The aim of the research is to determine the user satisfaction level of the urban green areas and the user opinions about the urban green areas of the city of Serik. In this context, a survey was conducted on a voluntary basis with 384 individuals using the urban green areas of the city of Serik. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire forms, the user satisfaction levels, opinions, and suggestions for the urban green areas of the city of Serik were determined. In this direction, suggestions have been developed to increase the qualitative value and user satisfaction of urban green areas in the city of Serik.