Floodplains known as 'Fadama' is encouraged in Nigeria by the world bank in order to boost agriculture and food security. This activity is being managed by the State ministries of agriculture through Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) nationwide. This is a case study of Jalingo area of Taraba State, Nigeria where farmers used any available water from rivers, streams and wells without any regulations. The water samples for quality analysis were collected in five (5) different floodplain locations from three (3) different sources. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from river, borehole and well using plastic bottle container both in August (peak of raining season) and November (end of raining season) respectively. Data from water samples were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for significant effect of source and location water quality for irrigation purposes. The suitability of the source and location water quality after comparing with the water standard for irrigation have most of their chemical properties within safe limit for irrigation purposes both in August and November respectively. (pH =6.26 to 6.81, Total Dissolved Solid, TDS = 113 to 345 mg/L, Total Suspended Solid, TSS = 1.72 to 1.95 mg/L, Bicarbonates, HCO3 = 5.76 to 10.88 mg/L, Carbonated, CO3 = 0.07 to 0.77 mg/L, Sodium, Na = 0.003 to 0.031 mg/L, Magnesium Mg = 4.84 to 5.93 mg/L, Calcium, Ca = 9.62 to 11.97 mg/L). From the results of the study, it could be observed that the quality of water across the locations irrespective of period of observation and source are good and hereby recommended for irrigation purposes.

Although snail meat is an important source of protein in terms of human nutrition, it has found a place in the eating and drinking culture of very few communities. Consumption of snail meat is socially accepted in many parts of the Cyprus. It is called as “Garavolli” by the Cypriot people and is also one of the most delicious appetizers. This research is important in determining the consumption behaviour of the people of the Northern Cyprus and determining their preferences depending on cooking methods. According to the results of this study, 32.7% of the participants do not consume snail meat, while 67.3% of them consume snail meat. It is consumed more at home (41.3%), compared to consuming at restaurants (38.1%). While 47% of participants consuming preferred to consume as boiled (with olive oil and vinegar), 3.8% of them preferred to consume as grilled. The most preferred method of cooking is boiling then dipping it to olive oil and vinegar. As we see from the answers, habits directly effect on preference to consume or not to consume the snail meat.

Land use could impact soil properties and processes in varying degrees. Therefore, the impact of different land use systems on soil water status and its relationship with some physiochemical properties was studied at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The land use types included native forest (NF); Paddock (P); Oil palm plantation (OP); Teak (TK); new yam plot (NY) and yam plot under fallow (YF). Structure and disturbed surface soils (0 - 15 cm) samples were taken at three (3) locations in each land use type. Soil water content (SWC) significantly varied among the different land use types, with oil palm plantation storing the highest amount of water. The results also showed significant differences in soil bulk density, organic carbon, porosity, texture and hydraulic conductivity among the land use types. SWC associated positively and significantly with organic matter, silt content and silt + clay. The association between SWC and pH and silt/clay were positive but weak while particle density, bulk density and sand content showed negative and significant association. The principal component regression (PCR) showed a highly significant, positive relationship between SWC and the principal components of other physicochemical properties. Cluster analysis showed that SWC is highly related and linked to OM, Bd, Pd, Pt and silt/clay. The results implied that conversion to paddock and continuous cultivation led to depletion in soil water, physical and chemical properties, whereas cultivation of tree crops conserved these soil properties better. Therefore, establishment of tree crop and conservative soil management practices are suggested to prevent agricultural lands from degradation in areas with soils under similar conditions.

Peanut allergens adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) contain a number of allergens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in allergy-prone individuals. Currently, 18 proteins found in peanuts are accepted as allergens. These allergens are named from Ara h 1 to Ara h 18. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 and Ara h 7 are from albumin, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 are from globülin. Ara h is the abbreviation of Arachis hypogaea, the Latin name for peanut. A peanut allergy is a reaction that occurs shortly after eating to peanuts or peanut products. It has various symptoms that can go up to swelling of the tongue, itching of the palate, itching and burning in the throat, itching in the eyes and nose, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, bruising, chest pain, hives, low blood pressure and shock. In this review, the properties of peanut allergens and the methods of reducing the allergen effect will be reviewed.

The effect of antifreeze protein type III (AFPIII) and human heat shock protein 70 (HHSP70), added to the vitrification medium of mouse embryos, on post-freeze/thaw in vitro embryonic growth rates and cell numbers were investigated. In total 20 female mice were synchronized. After synchronization, 2 females and 1 male were mated in the same cage. Twenty-four h after mating, the embryos were collected at the pronuclear stage. In total 8 groups were established, including a positive control group (C+), a negative control group (C-), and treatment groups that were vitrified in a medium added with 200, 400 and 800 ng/ml of AFPIII (AFPIII200, AFPIII400, AFPIII800), and 1, 2 and 4 µg/ml of HHSP70 (HHSP70-1, HHSP70-2, HHSP70-4). Solid surface vitrification (SSV) medium was prepared for the vitrification of the embryos. Once thawed, in vitro development rates of embryos were followed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Four embryos, which progressed to the full blastocyst stage, were taken from each group and stained with the Hoeschst 33258 and propidium iodine (PI) dyes to determine the inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE) and total cell numbers. The groups showed statistically significant difference for in vitro embryonic development rates at 48, 72 and 96 h (p

The identification of plants in which the bees forage is key in establishing bee farms and increasing honey production. In this study pollen analysis of honey samples from the southeastern part of Nigeria was carried out to ascertain their floral sources and ecological origin. The honey samples were acetolyzed and microscopically studied to determine the pollen types. A total of seventy-one pollen types belonging to forty-one families of plants were identified. The honey samples were dominated by pollen grains from the families of Arecaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Irvigiaceae, Fabaceae, Combretaceae/Melastomataceae, and phyllanthaceae. Some of the dominant pollen grain identified include Elaeis guineensis, Alchornea cordifolia, Hymenocardia acida, Ocimum gratissimum, Syzygium guineense, Nauclea latifolia and Afzelia africana. Out of the six samples studied Njikoka sample was monofloral having Mimosa pigra as predominant pollen while Ayamelum, Ekwusigo, Nsukka, Ezeagu, and Udenu samples are multifloral containing Elaeis guineensis, Phyllanthus sp., Piliostigma reticulatum, Irvingia sp., Alchornea cordifolia, and Lannea sp. as major secondary pollen. All the samples analyzed have Elaeis guineensis in common except Ezeagu, indicating that these plants are present in all five locations. These results can also be used as a tool in the geographical identification of Southeastern Nigeria honey from other geopolitical zones.

Crop and animal production constitute a large part of the people's livelihoods in Bayburt province. In addition, the province has become one of the important animal husbandry centers of the region due to the fact that it is a transit point between the Eastern Anatolia region and the Black Sea region. But the number of small farms in Bayburt province is still very large, and the number of farms that are members of grower organizations is quite small. In addition, the migration of the young population from villages leads to an increase in the average age of the population engaged in animal husbandry and a decrease in the number of animals that can be raised depending on the labor force. In this review, the general status of cattle and small ruminants livestock in Bayburt province was given and the level of livestock in Bayburt province was revealed with current data.

Kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi kısa olduğundan yemlerin sindirim sisteminde kalış süresi kısadır. Buna ilave olarak, kanatlı hayvan türlerinin birçoğunun selüloz, selüloz fraksiyonları (ADF ve NDF) ile nişasta tabiatında olmayan polisakkaritleri sindirebilme ve bunlardan yararlanma yetenekleri düşüktür. Bundan dolayı kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde besin madde içeriği yüksek olan daha pahalı yemlerin kullanılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bu durum ise beyaz et ve yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünlerin fiyatlarını yükseltmektedir. Kanatlı hayvan beslemedeki bu dezavantajı avantaja çevirmek için sindirim sistemi daha güçlü, selülozca zengin ucuz yem kaynaklarını daha iyi sindirebilen, kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanabilen alternatif kanatlı hayvanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sahip olduğu özellikler açısından değerlendirildiğinde, ucuz yem kaynaklarından daha iyi yararlanabilecek kanatlı hayvanlardan birisinin de kaz olduğu görülecektir. Kazların selülozca zengin kaba yemlerden etkin bir şekilde yararlanabilmesi, yem giderlerini azaltmak suretiyle hayvansal ürünlerin daha ekonomik olması için uygun bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlı hayvanlara göre kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanmasından dolayı beyaz et ve yumurta üretimi için kaz yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaştırılması özellikle kırsaldaki nüfus için önemli bir gelir ve geçim kaynağı olabilir. Bu derlemede, kazların mikrobiyal sindirim özellikleri, selüloz başta olmak üzere selüloz fraksiyonlarından ve nişasta tabiatında olmayan yem unsurlarından yararlanabilme yetenekleri incelenmiştir.

The increase in the world population and rapid urbanization cause different types of pollution such as air, water, soil and noise. Today, this situation significantly affects the quality of life in densely populated settlements both in the world and in Turkey. Noise pollution, which is one of the important types of pollution, especially in urban areas, is increasing day by day due to anthropogenic effects. Studies conducted by the European Noise Directive (END) show that noise pollution is one of the important factors that cause health problems. Parks are places that allow children trapped in the structural environment in urban life to get to know nature and play games in open spaces. In particular, the children's playgrounds in the parks allow children to play and socialize in the open area and also allow parents to rest. However, park users may be exposed to noise pollution due to high-level noises originating from vehicle traffic, user density, and children's playgrounds in these places. This situation adversely affects the physical and mental health of the park users. The aim of the research is to determine the noise level in children's playgrounds in parks and to develop suggestions for reducing this noise level. As a result of the preliminary studies carried out in this context, Antalya/Kepez Dokuma Park was determined as a research area. Zones were created at certain intervals around the children's playground in the research area. And noise levels were measured on weekdays and weekends from the noise measurement points determined in these zones. The results obtained show that the noise pollution caused by the children's playgrounds in the parks and environmental factors is at a high level. In this context, landscape design and planning proposals have been developed to reduce noise pollution from children's playgrounds and environmental factors.