Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

Bread is a popular food in the world because of its variety and convenience. Currently, studies on the adding probiotics to bread are limited due to the adverse effects of processing, such as baking temperature, aerobic environment to the probiotic bacteria. The objective of this study was to produce probiotic cream bread, in which Lactobacillus acidophilus was microencapsulated with Alginate 2% (A); Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% (AM); Alginate 2% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AX); and Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AMX). Microcapsules were added to the kernel, conducting encapsulation yield investigations, survival in baking, preservation of bread, and in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid conditions after 8 days of storage. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum enhanced the encapsulation yield, it reached 92.9% and 92.37% in AMX and AX samples, respectively. The viability of L. acidophilus during baking was decreased by 3.64 and 3.75 Log (CFU/bread) in AMX and AM samples, compared to A and AX which were decreased by 4.75 and 4.44 Log (CFU/ bread). In SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) conditions, the AMX microcapsules provide the best probiotic protection among the four tested carriers. The combination of xanthan gum and maltodextrin in alginate matrix, eventually leading to having dual efficiency: First, xanthan gum would act as buffers that reduce acid activity; Second, maltodextrin acting as a protective agent of L. acidophilus against high temperature as well as potential prebiotic that improve the viability of probiotic.

Parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) weighing 100 ± 0.09 g were dehydrated from moisture content of 82.24 ± 0.07% to 10.01 ± 0.02 % (wet basis) using the microwave (MD), convective (CD), solar oven (SOD), sun (SD) and natural (ND) drying. Drying in MD, CD, SOD, SD, and ND was completed at 18±1.15, 61±0.58, 255±10, 330±5.29, and 1530±11.55 min, respectively. The energy consumption of MD and CD was measured as 0.213±0.009 and 0.427±0.015 kWh, respectively. In microwave drying, 700 W microwave output power was applied while convective drying was used with 50°C temperature and 1m/s air velocity. The sun and solar oven drying processes were carried out under the same conditions at the same time. The average temperature of the system during the solar oven drying was 81.7±1.5°C whereas the airflow in the system was 0.5 m/s. The data obtained from the experiments were also modeled using twelve different thin-layer drying equations, and thus the theoretical data were obtained. According to these theoretical data, the best model in the microwave and natural drying was Alibas’s equation while the most suitable model in the solar and convective drying was modified Henderson and Pabis’s model. On the other hand, it was seen that the best model in the solar oven drying was the Page equation. As a result, considering both quality and drying parameters, it was determined that MD and SOD were the most suitable method for drying of parsley leaves.

Ülkemizde mısır üretimindeki artış bir yandan sürerken, bir yandan da dünyada mısırın soyadan sonra en çok genetiği değiştirilmiş ürün olması nedeniyle tüketicinin mısır ile ilgili algısı her geçen gün daha olumsuz olmaktadır. Genetiği değiştirilmiş mısırın potansiyel olumsuz etkileri tartışılmakta iken, mısırda insan sağlığı için gözden kaçmaması gereken en büyük tehdit mikotoksinlerdir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 24 ilinde bulunan 552 köyün 634 tarlasından toplanan mısır numuneleri GDO, aflatoksin B1, toplam aflatoksin, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, T-2 toksin, HT-2 toksin, zearalenon ve deoksinivalenol yönünden incelenmiştir. Tarama yapılan mısır numunelerinin hiçbirinde transgenik elemente rastlanmamıştır. Analiz edilen 634 numunenin sadece bir tanesinde Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin üzerinde aflatoksin B1 miktarına rastlanmış, numunelerin toplam aflatoksin değerleri Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin altında çıkmıştır. Paçal oluşturulan numunelerin hiçbirinde T-2 toksin, HT-2 toksin, zearalenon ve deoksinivalenol tespit edilmezken, fumonisin tespit edilen numunelerin toplam fumonisin miktarı Türk Gıda Kodeksi limitinin altında bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, yerli üretim mısırların gıda güvenliği açısından uygun standartları sağladığını göstermektedir.

Due to rapidly increasing population and urbanization, agricultural lands are shrinking. However, environmental problems and pollution are constantly increasing. This poses a threat to agricultural production and food access. In order to overcome these threats, the use of fully controlled indoor production systems called plant factory is becoming widespread. The management of plant nutrition and monitor of environmental conditions is very important for production in the plant factory. Plant production is sensitive to environmental conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to make accurate measurements in order to ensure the correct climatic conditions. The high cost of control systems designed for this purpose is a problem for producers. In this study, a mini plant factory prototype and control system are presented which is developed by using open source hardware and software. In addition, the temperature, relative humidity and light measured by the low-cost sensors were compared with the reference devices and the system performance and stability were investigated.

Otbiçenler çevre şartlarından etkilenmektedir. Otbiçenler hemen hemen her habitatta bulunurlar. Tür çeşitliliği ve birey sayısı özellikle nemli ve sık bitki örtüsüne sahip yerlerde artmaktadır. Otbiçenler bir çok ekosistemin önemli ve faydalı bileşenleridir. Ayrıca ekolojik açıdan incelendiğinde hem güçlü predatörler hemde güçlü indikatör türlerdir. Antalya nemli bir il olduğundan otbiçen çeşitliliğinin fazla olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Antalya’da otbiçen türleri ile yükseklik, ilçe, toprak türü ve bitki örtüsü gibi değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin uyum analizi ile incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Değişkenlerin kategorileri arasında var olan benzerlikler grafikler üzerinde gösterilerek yorumlanmıştır.

This study was carried out in 2015-2016 cropping year in Kırklareli ve Edirne locations with 60 oat lines and 4 varieties of commercials (Kırklar, Kahraman, Yeniçeri and Sebat). The experiment was arranged in an alpha lattice experiment design (8 x 8= 64) with three replications. In the research, it was aimed to determine genotypes suitable for the region by examining yield and some quality parameter performances of oat genotypes.The traits such as grain yield (GY), thousand kernel weight (TKW), test weight (TW), plumpness (P, sieved 2.2 mm slotted), husk rate (HR), full grain oat protein (FGOP), starch (S), β-glucan (β-G) and L value (L) content of genotypes were investigated. The variation among oat lines for grain yield was significant and differences for TKW, TW, P, HR, FGOP, S, β-G, and LBV were also determined. The GY, TKW, TW, P, HR, FGOP, S, β-G and LBV of oat lines ranged between 588.3-860.8 (735.0) kg/da, 21.1-44.0 (31.9) g, 49.3-58.9 (54.7) kg/hl, 13.5-93.5 (69.9) %, 12.1-31.1 (23.9) %, 14.9-20.9 (18.1) %, 51.3-60.5 (56.2) %, 3.2-4.7 (4.0) % and 83.6-89.3 (87.1) in Kırklareli and 472.8-90.35 (681.3) kg/da, 23.0-41.3 (32.4) g, 42.9-55.3 (549.2) kg/hl, 22.4-95.8 (74.7) %, 18.3-30.8 (25.0) %, 14.9-20.3 (18.1) %, 53.1-62.8 (57.5) %, 2.9-5.0 (3.9) % and 84.2-89.9 (87.7) in Edirne respectively.The oat lines 14, 16, 19, 43, 3, 48 and Kırklar and Kahraman varieties were hopeful in Kırklareli and the oat lines 16,18,19, 21, 22, 44, 2, 51, 52 and Kahraman variety were hopeful in Edirne location for grain yield and investigated quality parameters. The oat lines 14, 16, 19, 21 and Kahraman variety were suitable in terms of investigated traits in Trakya-Marmara region.

Microalgae can be regarded as an alternative and promising ingredient for food fortification or enrichment. Due to their nutritional composition, especially protein-high composition, they considered as a sustainable protein source for food. The aim of this work was to evaluate the Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) dry biomass which is knowns as the greater protein and amino acid source in blue-green microalga, as innovative ingredient for newly formulated and produced biscuits and chocolates, for baby and children diets. All samples with Spirulina biomass showed significantly higher protein and amino acid content.

The aim of this study was to determine students' consumption behavior based on their awareness of food safety. Data were collected using survey method. Study sample consisted of 400 students of Ünye Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ordu University, Turkey. Chi-square test was used to determine whether participants’ levels of awareness of food safety differed by socio-economic characteristics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences in mean scores among awareness groups (low, medium and high) in terms of reading the nutrition information on food labels, food purchasing venues to be reliable and factors affecting food purchase decisions. Results showed that expiry date was the most important factor in food purchase decisions, followed by dates of production and packaging. Participants’ levels of awareness of food safety significantly differed by the proportion of monthly income allocated to food and their preference for cheap foods containing GMO. Supermarkets were ranked the most reliable venues for safe food purchasing, followed by groceries and greengrocers. Results also showed that food purchase decisions of the low and medium awareness groups were mostly affected by their families while those of the high awareness group were mostly affected by their doctors. Results indicate that firstly parents' awareness should be raised about food safety and safe food consumption so that future generations can be more conscious of these issues. In addition, courses on these matters should be included in curricula, and seminars or workshops should be held to raise students' awareness of food safety.