Levels of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) in locally cultivated rice consumed in Ondo and Ekiti States of Nigeria were investigated. The rice samples were obtained from six different rice-producing towns; Akure, Ondo, Ado, Igbemo, Ikole and Erinjiyan. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) of these elements were determined and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) and dietary reference intake (DRI) values for toxic and essential elements respectively. The measured mean levels of Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Zn, Na, Ca and K were 0.047 ± 0.007, 0.041 ± 0.004, 0.570 ± 0.032, 0.026 ± 0.003, 7.856 ± 0.659, 42.15 ± 0.191, 337.11 ± 0.315, and 2650.09 ± 0.337 µg/g respectively while the average EDI were 00.101 ± 0.042 µg/day, 0.088 ± 0.14µg/day, 1.234 ± 0.045 µg/day, 0.057 ± 0.002 µg/day, 0.017 ± 0.071 mg/day, 0.091 ± 0.013 mg/day, 0.73 ± 0.018 mg/day and 5.742 ± 0.337 mg/day respectively. The EDIs were not significantly higher than the reference values for the elements except Cr. Also the rice samples were not rich enough in sodium, calcium and potassium compared to the dietary reference intakes for these elements. It is recommended that rice diets should be supplemented with other food items such as meat, fruits and vegetables.

There are hundreds of years old wild sweet chestnut trees grown among alder, hornbeam, and pine etc. trees in natural forest of Giresun/TURKEY. In this study, trace element contents of chestnuts collected from chestnut trees in these natural forests were investigated. For this purpose, A total of eight elements, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in chestnut samples collected from ten chestnut trees. The content of trace elements was determined separately in fruit, bark and pellicle parts of chestnut. In chestnut fruit samples, highest concentration values in mg kg-1 of Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Se, Co and Pb are: 88.29, 72.96, 27.76 8.25, 7.81, 2.28, 0.056 and 0.043 respectively. Chestnut bark has been shown the highest values as Mn 176.01, Fe 96.55, Zn 26.97, Ni 4.33, Cu 8.91, Se 3.08, Co 0.089 and Pb 0.058 mg kg-1. The highest concentrations of trace elements in chestnut pellicle are found as Mn 176.26, Fe 92.98, Zn 60.06, Ni 5.79, Cu 11.4, Se 3.29, Co 0.135 and Pb 0.095 mg kg-1. These results suggest that natural chestnuts grown in the Giresun region are quite rich nutrients in terms of trace element contents.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

In this study 384 Turkish originated oat genotypes obtained from different gene banks, were characterized and evaluated for agronomical traits with four commercial cultivars (Checota, Sebat, Faikbey and Seydişehir) under augmented experiment design for 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 cropping years. Oat landraces were evaluated for stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), vegetative period (VP), grain filling period (GFP), days to maturity (DM), grain number per panicle (GNP), grain weight per panicle (GWP), thousand kernel weight (TKW), lodging (LOD), barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and single row yield (SRY) under Kahramanmaraş conditions. According to the results of field trail for two years, differences of genotypes were significant for SD, PH, PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. However, the components such as SD, PL, VP, GFP, DM, GNP, GWP, TKW and SRY were significantly changed for the years and year x genotype interactions were also significant for PL, VP, DM, TKW and SRY. The landraces performed better than the commercial ones for the most of the evaluated traits. The SRW ranged between 4.65 g (TL444) to 202.1 g (TL614). Moreover, the other genotypes with the higher SRY were TL708, TL714, TL734 and TL703 genotypes with 167.85, 160.25, 153.90 and 149.7 g SRY, respectively.

Bu çalışmada alıç meyvesi sıcaklık kontrollü bir mikrodalga kurutucuda kurutularak kuruma süresi, renk değeri ve ürünün kuruma eğrilerini en iyi tahmin eden matematiksel model belirlenmiştir. Ürünler tasarlanan sıcaklık kontrollü mikrodalga kurutucuda 50, 60 ve 70ºC sıcaklıklarda kurutulmuştur. Kuruma süreleri 50, 60 ve 70ºC kurutma sıcaklıkları için sırasıyla 129, 66, ve 45 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. En kısa kuruma süresi 70ºC kurutma sıcaklığında olurken en uzun kuruma ise 50ºC kurutma sıcaklığında olmuştur. Kuruma eğrilerini tahmin etmek için ince tabakalı kurutma modellerinden Yağcıoğlu, Midilli- Küçük ve Page matematiksel modelleri kullanılmıştır. Kuruma eğrilerini en iyi tahmin eden matematiksel modelin Midilli-Küçük modeli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca taze ve kurutulmuş alıç meyvesinin kalite kriteri olarak renk değerleri araştırılmıştır. L parlaklık ve a kırmızılık renk değerleri açısından her üç kurutma sıcaklığında da kurutulan ürünler ile taze ürün arasında istatistiki açıdan bir farklılık oluşmuştur. b sarılık değeri açısından ise istatistiki olarak 50 ve 70ºC sıcaklıkta kurutulan örneklerle taze ürün arasında bir farklılık oluşmamıştır. Taze ürünlere ait hesaplanarak belirlenen kroma, hue açısı ve esmerleşme değerleri ile kurutulan ürünlere ait kroma ve esmerleşme değerleri arasında ise rakamsal olarak büyük bir farklılık yoktur. Ancak taze ürünün kroma ve kahverengilik değerlerine en yakın değerler 70ºC kurutma sıcaklığında yapılan kurutma işleminde belirlenmiştir.

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a common tropical fruit used for nutrition as well as medicinal purposes. Apart from fruit, seed, latex and other plant parts of papaya tree have been shown to have medicinal properties. Since, no systematic study has been performed on nutritional analysis of papaya (Carica papaya L. var solo 8) peels. In this study, the proximate composition, mineral element profile and phytochemical composition of papaya (Carica papaya L. var solo 8) peels were investigated. The peels were harvested fresh, dried in an oven at 45°C for 48 hours, ground and analyzed according to standard procedures. Proximate analysis showed high level of proteins (11.67 ± 0.04 %), crude fibre (32.51 ± 0.03 %), carbohydrate (47.33 ± 0.08 %), ash (5.98 ± 0.03 %) 0.03 %) and fat (2.51 ± 0.13 %). Mineral analysis indicated the papaya (Carica papaya L. var solo 8) peels were specifically rich in potassium and phosphorus. Potassium was found to be the most abundant mineral present in the peels (516.33 ± 0.82 mg/100g). Phytochemical composition showed high level of total phenolic (65.48 ± 0.39 mg (GAE)/100 g DW), flavonoids (5.58 ± 0.83 mg (QE)/100 g DW) and tannins (10.51 ± 0.93 mg (TAE)/100 g DW). The methanolic extracts of the papaya (Carica papaya L. var solo 8) peels exhibited the high DPPH radical scavenging activities (81.89 ± 0.14 %).These data indicated that this papaya (Carica papaya L. var solo 8) peels could constitute a potential good source of natural antioxidant for local population.

Temel mikro-besin elementi demir (Fe) bitkide önemli rolleri bulunan birçok metalloproteinin aktif bölgesinde kofaktör olarak yer alır. Öte yandan aşırı reaktif olduğundan, hücre içerisinde fazla birikimi reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretimini tetikleyerek hücre ölümlerine neden olur. Dolayısıyla hücre içerisindeki demir homeostazı bitki gelişimi için çok önemlidir. Bitkiler demiri kök içerisine aldıktan sonra hücre içi kompartmanlara dağıtımını yaparlar. Hücre içi demir taşınımı ve dolayısıyla hücresel demir homeostazı farklı membran protein ailelerinin senkronize kontrolü sayesinde yürütülmektedir. Bu membran proteinlerinin demir eksikliği altında ifade seviyelerinin arttığı keşfedilmiştir. Bu taşıyıcıların görev ve regülasyonlarının irdelenmesi bitkilerdeki demir alım ve dağıtım mekanizmalarının anlaşılması açısından çok önemlidir. Bu yüzden bu derlemede hücre içerisine alınan demirin organellere dağıtımından sorumlu taşıyıcılar ile bu taşıyıcılar hakkındaki güncel gelişmelerden bahsedilmektedir.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of sun-dried Irish potato peel meal (SPPM) for maize in diets of broiler chickens. Five diets in which SPPM was replaced with 0 (0SPPM), 25 (25SPPM), 50 (50SPPM), 75 (75SPPM) and 100% (100SPPM) of maize in starter and finisher diets for a 8 week period using broiler chickens were examined. A total of 300 two weeks old broilers chicks Anak 2000 were randomly allotted to five experimental diets with six pen per treatment and 10 birds chicks per pen. Body weight and feed intake of broilers, and feed conversion ratio were determined at the beginning and 56th day of the experiment respectively. On day 56, four broilers from each pen were selected and slaughtered to determine some carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry. The result of growth performance showed that 100SPPM decreased daily weight gain of chickens when compared to other SPPM levels (P

The purpose of this study were to identify the presence of E.coli O157 and to determine its prevalence in foods which were collected from various restaurants, shops and markets in Istanbul. Also, validation of detection method of E. coli O157 in all food stuffs was carried out according to applicability, repeatability, and minimum detection limit (LOD) and false positive and negative analysis based on TS EN ISO 16654 standard method. The results showed that the prevalence of E. coli O157 in food was 2%, and its prevalence increased in April and May.

Lactococcus lactis plays a critical role in food, dairy and health sectors. In food and dairy industries, it is found in production processes of various fermented products such as sausages, pickled vegetables, beverages such as beer and wine, breads, soymilk kefir, sour milk, butter, cream, fresh cheese and different types of cheeses, like Cheddar, Colby, Cottage cheese, Camembert, cream cheese, Roquefort and Brie. Additionally, there is an increasing interest towards the possible health benefits of the probiotic activity of this organism which generally is species and strain specific and depends upon the survival in gastrointestinal tract with sufficient number. Certain strains have the ability to produce antimicrobial peptide called nisin which exhibits preservative potential. Therefore, application of bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis in food and dairy sectors to preserve foods as a natural way and contributing health promoting attributes due to probiotic activity would definitely fulfil today’s consumer demands. This paper aimed to review the adaptation, antibiotic resistance, therapeutic and preservation potential of bacteriocinogenic and probiotic Lactococcus lactis.