The most extensive and effective environmentally controlled production takes place in greenhouses. New innovations and developments for greenhouse production go hand in hand with efforts for sustainability. The greenhouses must be heated to ensure high yields and high quality. However, high heating cost (20%-60%) adversely influences production. Costs Sustainability of greenhouse production can only be maintained with increase of energy efficiency. Use of renewable energy sources in place of fossil fuels is only means to increase energy efficiency. In this work, fossil fuels and geothermal energy used for heating of greenhouses are compared based on production cost and CO2 emissions to atmosphere. The results showed that greenhouse production in Aydın with geothermal energy price of 0.06 ₺/kWh will be very advantageous compared to greenhouse tomato production in Kütahya, which can only compete with that in Antalya. Carbon dioxide emission in plastic greenhouses with double layer PE plastic heat insulation in Kütahya was 199.4 kg/m2 when imported coal was used for heating. The emissions in similar type plastic greenhouses, again heated with coal, in Aydın and Antalya were 74.4 kg/m2 and 55.5 kg/m2, respectively. Greenhouses in geothermal energy rich areas will be very advantageous, based on cost of production and CO2 emission, compared to that in Antalya region if they are heated with geothermal energy.

Path analysis is determinate that relationships among variables by using correlation coefficient, partial correlation coefficient and path coefficient. In this study, direct and indirect effects of honey yield between brood rearing area, flight activity, pollen collection, nectar collection and cleaning power were examined with these coefficients. Data which taken from C.U. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Beekeeping Business were used. In the end of this research, the effect of brood rearing area on honey yield was found significant. In the colonies, brood rearing area has the highest direct effect of honey yield. Nectar collection has the highest indirect effect.

Herbal plants are using for folk medicine since immemorial times. Hippocrates who is the father of medicine, refer to 400 medicinal plants and advised ‘‘let food be your medicine and let medicine be your food’’. Most of plants are using today for medicine. It is still acceptable today that prevention is more important than treatment. Saffron was utilized in folk remedy against scarlet fever, smallpox, colds, asthma, eye and heart diseases, tumours, and cancer.

In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.

The research was carried out with aim to determination the efficient of nitrogen forms (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea) on nitrogen use efficient for buckwheat in Isparta during 2014 and 2015 years. All the examined characteristics were determined higher values in applied nitrogen forms according to non-nitrogen parcel. In compared to nitrogen forms, the highest grain yield (1456 and 1325 kg ha-1), biological yield (4873 and 4512 kg ha-1), 1000 grain weight (24.9 and 24.8 g), agronomic efficient (24.96% and 24.25%), recycling efficient (0.24% and 0.22%) and utilization efficient (0.25% and 0.18%) were obtained from ammonium sulfate, the highest protein content (11.37% and 12.44%) and agro-physiological efficient (0.27% and 0.24%) from ammonium nitrate in both years. Among the nitrogen forms weren’t significant differently in physiological efficient in both years, recycling and utilization efficient in the first year. The mineral nutrient content varied according to nitrogen forms. Generally, ammonium sulfate was positive effect to yield and some quality parameters.

In this study was carried out to determine the effects of humic acid in heavy metal stress of lettuce changes in some of the morphological and physiological characteristics. In studies conducted in controlled greenhouse conditions, lettuce plants subjected to four different 4 different humic acid levels humic acid doses (0, 2, 4, 8 L/da) and 4 different heavy metal irrigation levels (Control: 0 ppm; I. mixture: 0.2 ppm Cu + 0.01 ppm Cd + 5 ppm Pb + 2 ppm Zn; II. mixture: : 0.4 ppm Cu + 0.02 ppm Cd + 10 ppm Pb + 4 ppm Zn; III. mixture: 0.8 ppm Cu + 0.04 ppm Cd + 20 ppm Pb + 8 ppm Zn). Four weeks after at heavy metal and humic acid treatment young plants were harvested and the shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, shoot and root length, and leaf areas, MDA, superoxyde dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were determined. The most highly toxic effects were determinate III. mixture level (0.8 ppm Cu + 0.04 ppm Cd + 20 ppm Pb + 8 ppm Zn). MDA and antioxidative enzyme activities increased in plants irrigated with water containing a mixture of heavy metal. Humic acid applications had a positive effect on reducing of the limiting effect of heavy metal stress on growth and development.

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of rosemary essential oils in various doses on hen performance, egg quality, lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) level in fresh and stored egg yolk. The experiment was carried out in random parcel experimental design. In the experiment, 6 groups were formed and each group was divided into 5 replicates. In total 240 Bovans hite laying hens, each replicate included 8 hens, 32 weeks old, were used. Treatment groups were control (Negative Control), 500 mg//kg antibiotic (Positive Control 1), 200 mg/kg vitamin E (Positive Control 2), 100 mg/kg rosemary essential oil, 200 mg/kg rosemary essential oil, 300 mg/kg rosemary essential oil. There was no significant difference in live weight, egg production, egg weight, damaged egg ratio, mortality and egg quality but feed comsumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and egg yolk MDA values were affected significantly in between control and treatment groups. At all treatment groups feed comsumption decreased significantly and other groups improved in feed conversion ratio except 500 mg/kg antibiotic and 100 mg/kg rosemary doses groups compared to negative control significantly. 100 mg/kg rosemary essential oil addition during the storage time for 42 and 56 days and 200 mg/kg vitamin E addition for all storage time to ration decreased egg yolk MDA values significantly. As a result, laying birds fed 200 mg/kg vitamin E, and 100 mg/kg of rosemary essential oil additives can use to prevent lipid oxidation.

The genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is important in terms of hosting edible and poisonous species. Therefore, in this study, edible and poisonous Tricholoma species are evaluated, edible and valuable species are introduced. Also, poisoning syndromes are examined and discussed.

The efficiency of chelated forms of trace minerals in poultry nutrition and the trace minerals requirements of poultry were discussed in this review. Trace minerals are essential for all farm animals, and these minerals, individually or together with other mineral, take part in many events such as metabolic activities, development and repair of different tissues, growth, immune and reproductive systems. In the last years, lots of studies related to different organic forms of trace minerals on the effects of broiler and laying hens were carried out. The results of these studies have showed that organic trace minerals added to poultry diets at lower levels than inorganic trace minerals are more efficient than inorganic trace minerals and they provide some advantages in poultry nutrition. One of the most important advantages is the reduction of mineral amount excreted in faces. In addition, the results of researches conducted especially in the last few years have shown that the chelated forms of trace minerals strengthen the poultry immune system, and increase the use of other nutrients. However, there are inconsistent between the effects of different forms of trace minerals used in poultry diets on the performance.

This study analyses the consciousness levels, attitudes and behaviours of farmers against stubble burning and the damages of stubble burning which is a part of land misuse. 86 farmers from 9 villages in Zile county of Tokat province were surveyed for the study. These data was used to state farmers' socio-demographical characteristics and their behaviours against stubble burning was analysed. According to the study results, 99% of the farmers says that stubble burning is a wrong application. They states that stubble burning causes natural damages and the most importantly it is harmful by 76% to the living creatures in the nature. 57% of them prefers the method of mixing stubble to the soil.