A field-based experiment was carried out in Rukum (East), Nepal, from February to June 2020, to assess the effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination of Persian walnut. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments included hot water treatment, chilling stratification only, cracking + Gibberellic acid (500ppm) followed by chilling stratification, cracking + Gibberellic acid (750ppm) followed by chilling stratification, Gibberellic acid (500ppm) + chilling stratification and Gibberellic acid (750ppm) + chilling stratification. The minimum days for germination (15.75 days) and highest germination (53.25%) were obtained when the combination of cracking with GA3 @ 750 ppm along with chilling stratification was done. The maximum shoot length (34.83 cm) was observed in the combination of cracking with GA3 @ 500 ppm followed by stratification but statistically similar shoot length (34.63 cm) was observed when cracking, application of GA3 @ 750 ppm followed by stratification was done. Cracking, treatment with GA3 @ 500 ppm followed by chilling stratification resulted in the highest shoot fresh weight (11.93 gm) and root fresh weight (10.77 gm) compared to the other treatments used. Thus, cracking along with treatment by GA3 @ 750 ppm followed by chilling stratification could be suggested to the walnut growers for better germination and a better morphological and physiological status of the rootstocks/seedlings.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationship between body weight (BW) and morphometric measurements of Ethiopian indigenous chicken populations and to develop prediction equations used to estimate BW from body measurements. A total of 621 chickens comprising 134 males and 487 females reared under smallholder management conditions were used for the study. Body weight and morphometric measurements including body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), shank length (SL), and shank circumference (SC) were taken using a hanging scale and a textile measuring tape, respectively. The relationship between BW and morphometric measurements was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Descriptive statistics indicated that male birds were heavier than female birds. Correlation results revealed that body weight was significantly and strongly correlated with SL (r = 0.76) in both sexes, and moderately correlated with SC (r = 0.69), BL (r = 0.67), and CC (r = 0.52) in male birds, BL (r=0.68) and SC (r = 0.59) in female birds. Compared to other measurements, SL best predicted BW in both male and female birds, with coefficients of determination (R2) = 0.58. Combining SL with other body measurements (BL, CC, and SC) generally improved the predictive power of the equation. Thus, multiple regression equations that included a combination of the four linear body measurements are more suitable for predicting BW of Ethiopian indigenous chicken populations.

Son yıllarda dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de tüketicilerin fonksiyonel ürünlerin talebinde artış yaşanmaktadır. Günümüzde sağlıklı bir yaşam sürdürmek ve artan sağlık problemlerini önlemek için tüketiciler fonksiyonel ürünlere yönelmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çukurova Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin fonksiyonel ürünlere yönelik bilgi düzeyleri, tutumları ve tüketim eğilimlerini tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla, Çukurova Üniversitesi öğrencilerinden 103’ü ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, ankete katılanların %70,87’sinin fonksiyonel gıda kavramını daha önce hiç duymamış olmakla birlikte bu ürünleri tükettikleri belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların özellikle mineral bakımından zengin içecekleri (%58,25) ve bitki çaylarını (%48,54) düzenli olarak kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ankete katılanların büyük bir bölümü (%65,00) fonksiyonel gıdaların insan sağlığını olumlu yönde etkilediğini düşünürken, fonksiyonel gıdaların, sağlık açısından potansiyel faydaları, öğrencilerin söz konusu gıdalara yönelik algı ve tutumlarını belirleyen en önemli faktör olarak belirlenmiştir.

P. zozimoides is local endemic in Nigde province, Turkey. There has been no previous examination of the chemical composition and bioactivity of that plant extract. In this study, we studied total phenolic content, antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effect of methanolic extracts of plant sample. According to the Folin-Ciocalteau method, the total phenolics of the extracts were determined spectrophometric. The antioxidant activity was conducted DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method and free radical reducing power assay. The cytotoxic effect was studied using MTT assay cell viability on cancer cell lines as well as on Caco-2 cell lines. The total phenolic content of P. zozimoides extract was found 28.79±0.68 μg GAE /mg. The free radical scavenger activities of the DPPH was 31.69%±1.61, 85.15%±0.13, 86.96%±0.085 for 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. The free radical reducing power assay was 0.375±0.52, 1.587±0.71, 1.798±0.84 for 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL compared to ascorbic acid standard. On Caco-2 cell lines, the extract of plant showed no cytotoxic potential. Because of its phenolic constituents and its antioxidant capacity it can be considered a healthy nutrient.

This study aimed to determine the L-DOPA content in the flowers of some different faba bean genotypes and determine the L-DOPA levels in tea prepared from flowers. The experiment was carried out under the ecological conditions in Samsun by the Black Sea with 15 genotypes using a randomized complete block design in three replications. The flowers were harvested three times and the number of flowers and flower yields were determined. The L-DOPA content of the flower and flower tea were determined using HPLC. Different solvents were used to extract the L-DOPA from the faba bean flowers. As a result of the HPLC analyses, the highest L-DOPA yield was determined to be in the tea samples brewed with hot water. It was found statistical differences between genotypes in the second and third harvests for the number of flowers in the plant and the total number of flowers. Dry flower yields ranged from 11.33 to 37.78 kg da−1 while L-DOPA levels were 6.2 to 9.17 g 100g−1 in dry flowers and 6.69 to 9.23 g 100g−1 in infused tea. The study concluded that flower tea of faba bean can be investigate for medicinal purposes and that L-DOPA in the plant can be extracted by brewing without requiring any solvent. This shows that L-DOPA is in a salt form within the plant.

In this study, the medicinal and aromatic plants sector of the Hatay province was evaluated with the SWOT Analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), and aimed to offer solutions for the development of the sector based on the opinions of the companies which are operating in the province. According to the research results, the rich natural vegetation of the province and its proximity to raw material resources, were found as the main 'strengths'. Insufficient incentives, lack of coordination, problems in accessing quality raw materials, and adulteration were found as the 'weaknesses'. Increase in demand and high added value potential, and the EXPO 2021 exhibition were found as the 'opportunities'. Security problems in the region due to the ongoing war in Syria were determined as the prominent 'threat'.

Purpose: This study aims to reveal the comparative advantage of the selected countries in olive oil industry. These selected countries are the main olive oil producers and mainly located in Mediterranean Seacoast. Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey will be the subject countries in this analysis and compared with each other in terms of their export performance and comparative advantage in olive oil industry globally. Olive oil industry has a volume of around 20 billion Euros every year. Design/methodology/approach: The data for the research was collected from mainly World Bank and trade ministries of subject countries. Revealed Comparative advantage Index (RCA) is used to compare the advantage of these countries in olive oil industry. These indexes found in this analysis will be added to the olive oil RCA indexes of these countries that are found in the previous researches. The obtained data were analyzed through RCA Index formula modeling. Findings:Consuming olive oil is increasing day by day over the world. The research results show that Turkey has comparative advantage in olive industry over Greece. Last few years, Turkey has improved its comparative advantage over Italy. Spain and Italy are the leading countries in olive oil industry in terms of comparative advantage. It has also been found that Turkey has consistently increase its advantage over the last decade. Practical implications: After the comparison of RCA indexes of Spain, Greece, Italy and Turkey, it is found that higher amount of production of olive oil is not enough itself to improve the competitiveness of a country in olive oil market. Branding, packaging and marketing activities that are supported by research and development expenditures are highly important factors for a consistent competitive advantage in olive oil industry. Olive oil consumers are highly motivated on the packaging and label of a product when it comes to olive oil. They usually trust Mediterranean brands comparing to others. Originality/value: The study answers the advantages of selected countries in terms of olive oil performance in global markets. Export performance of olive oil is much likely to improve the competitiveness of a country rather than a country that produces high volume of olive oil. Production itself is not enough to increase competitiveness of a country in olive oil market.

Bu çalışmada, tarım arazilerinin değerine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve bu faktörlerin değer üzerindeki etki oranlarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Ankara ili Evren ilçesinde gayeli örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 104 adet işletme ile anket çalışması yapılmış ve tarım arazilerinin değerine etki eden faktörlerle ilgili görüşleri alınmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde AHP yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre arazi değerini etkileyen faktörler, arazi verimliliği %19,63, arazi genişliği %9,60, arazi şekli %4,47, arazi eğimi %3,63, arazinin yola uzaklığı %2,57, arazinin yerleşim yerine uzaklığı %2,84, arazinin sulama olanakları %30,38, arazi satışının hareketli olması %3,31, arazinin kadastro görmüş olması %2,70, arazinin yola cepheli olması %2,80 ve arazinin toprak yapısı %18,06 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, tarım arazilerinin üretim kabiliyetlerine yönelik faktörlerin değer üzerinde daha etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the total carbohydrate (CHO), minerals and phenolic (total phenolic content, total flavanols, total flavonols, and anthocyanins) of grape and grape products. For this reason, fresh grapes (Kalecik Karası, Öküzgözü, Emir, and Narince), raisins (Karadimrit and Sultani Çekirdeksiz), wines (Kalecik Karası, Öküzgözü, Emir, and Narince), commercial red grape juice, molasses, and vinegar were used as research materials. In conclusion, total CHO contents in the samples were ranged from 0.14 to 48.37 g 100 g-1. In terms of the minerals, molasses was rich in K while the highest contents of P and Fe were found in vinegar. Raisin of Karadimrit contained the highest Ca content among all the samples tested. Not only total phenolic contents but also total flavanols, total flavonols, and anthocyanins were altered depending on the sample types and the varieties. As a result, it was determined that grape and grape products represent a potentially significant source of CHO, minerals, and phenolic.

According to the trend of a healthy eating awareness trend, having a potential benefit on human health, some polyphenols like flavonoids, resveratrol, hydroxy-stilbenes, and phenolic acids are in the spotlight. Grapes, and one of the most widespread grape product wine; are among the best sources of these polyphenols. In this study, a highly specific, susceptible, and easy chromatographic method was brought out and validated to determine 18 polyphenols in grape and red wines. For this aim, an HPLC-PDA was used, and the separation was accomplished on an RP-ODS4 column. The method comprised of a mobile gradient phase consisting of A solution (acetic acid in water, pH 2.00) and a mixture of the solution A – acetonitrile (20:80, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and PDA detection was carried out at 260,280, 320, and 360 nm. According to the results, it can be said that the program indicated good linearity over the range of 1-40 mg L−1 of phenolics with r2>0.99. The recovery of the 18 phenolics ranges from 83.17% to 119.88% at red wines and 88.20% to 117.83% at grape juices. The method is well precise, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the average concentration of the phenolic compounds are ranges from 1.22% to 2.02% at red wines and 1.01% to 2.56% at grape juices.