demand for its essential oil continues to grow on a global scale. The fact remains that harvesting at the right time of growth is critical to maximizing the rate of active ingredients found in the plant. Thus, in the current study, L. angustifolia plants were collected at various growth stages (pre-flowering, mid-flowering, and post-flowering) from Adana, Turkey in order to determine the most suitable harvest time for the highest amount of essential oils and its important compounds. The highest flower essential oil content (7.50 mL 100 g-1) was obtained at mid-flowering of the third year of plantation. The major compounds for L. angustifolia were linalyl acetate (25.63-31.63%), linalool (16.33-24.79%), nerol (8.83-13.43%), beta-farnesene (3.67-5.70%), β-cis-ocimene (1.76-8.14%), respectively. The obtained data have been inquired by principal components analysis (PCA), allowing differentiation of plantation ages and growth stages. Compared to the plantation ages, essential oil content and linalool content increased significantly in the third year of cultivation. As a result, the most suitable harvest time may be considered as mid-flowering in terms of essential oil content and in terms of high linalyl acetate and linalool content.

With the increase in the world population and the continuous development of technology, energy demands continue to increase. In general, the global energy needs are met by fossil sourced fuels. Depleting nature of fossil energy sources, their negative impacts on environment, increasing energy demands have led the efficient use of energy sources and the shift to local and renewable energy resources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource. Since organic wastes are used in biogas production, biogas offers a significant way of elimination of wastes and a source of energy. Animal wastes are the primary source of biogas. In this study, it is aimed to determine the biogas potential of Tokat province from animal wastes. Depending on this purpose, the amount of waste and biogas that can be obtained from animal waste and the energy potential that can be produced have been revealed by using the current data of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. Energy equivalents of the biogas that can be obtained were also calculated. According to 2021 data, there are 303.952 cattle, 511.457 sheep and 247.333 poultry in Tokat province. Annually, 245.988 tons solid animal waste are obtained in Tokat province. In this study, conducted with the 2021 data of Tokat province, the amount of biogas that can be produced from animal wastes was calculated as 49 million m3/year. Districts with the greatest biogas potential are Merkez, Turhal and Zile respectively in 2021. The energy equivalent of biogas produced has been calculated as 292.000 MWh/year

In this study, alkali dietary fiber extraction method was evaluated to obtain soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from Trigonella-foenum graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds. The process conditions of alkali extraction method ensuring the highest total dietary fiber yield were investigated by response surface methodology. Furthermore, some physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from fenugreek seeds such as water retention capacity, oil adsorption capacity, swelling capacity, glucose adsorption index and α-amylase inhibition capacity were determined. Total dietary fiber yield was 78% at 52.50 g/L of sample: NaOH ratio and 1.01 M NaOH concentration as the optimum process conditions. Furthermore, insoluble dietary fiber gave better results than soluble dietary fiber when physicochemical and functional properties were compared.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and lactic acid bacteria+enzymes (LAB+E) inoculant on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and feed value of rye silages. Whole crop rye was harvested at dough stage. Biosil (Wuthenow, Germany), Silaprilis Pro (Timac Agro, USA) and Sil-All (Allteck, UK) were used as lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture inoculants. Inoculants were applied to silages at 6.00 log10 cfu/g levels. After the treatment, alfalfa was ensiled in 1.0-L special polyethylene vacuum bags. The bags were stored at 20±2°C under the laboratory conditions. Three bags from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analyses 2, 4, 8 and 75th days after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period, all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 5 days. In addition, in vitro dry matter, and organic matter digestibility of experiment silages were determined. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture inoculants increased characteristics of fermentation and aerobic stability of rye silages. Lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture inoculants decreased neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and celluloses content in the silages. Lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture inoculants increased in vitro dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility and metaboze energy of rye silages. Therefore, lactic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria+enzyme mixture inoculants might improve the fermentation properties and feed values of rye silages harvested at dough stage.

The objective of this study was to compare predictive performances of four machine learning (ML) models: Support Vector Machines with Radial Basis Function Kernel (SVMR), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest (RF) and Model Average Neural Networks (MANN) to predict live weight from morphological measurements of Norduz sheep (n=93). Seven morphological measurements; chest girth (CG), chest width (CW), chest depth (CD), height at withers (HW), body length (BL), heigth at rump (HR) and rump width (RW) were used to predict live weigth (LW) of Norduz sheep. All morphological measurements were positively correlated to LW. Live weight had the highest correlation with CG and the lowest correlation with HR. Initially, highly correlated predictors were removed from the data set. The remaining predictors were then subjected to variable selection procedures using the Boruta algorithm. The results of Boruta confirmed the importance of the four predictors HW, BL, CW, and CD. However, HR confirmed to be unimportant was excluded from the dataset. The ML models were trained on selected predictors. The results showed that the prediction performance validated using the test dataset indicated that RF had the lowest values of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE). The permutation-based variable importance scores indicate that CW and CD were the most important variables in predicting LW. The actual LW had the highest significant positive correlations with the values predicted by SVMR and RF, and followed by ANN and CART models respectively. There were no differences between the means of actual and predicted LWs by machine learning models. The fact that the models generalized well on the testing data sets indicates that machine learning algorithms have valid predictive patterns and are effective methods in LW weight of Norduz sheep. Considering runtime of the models, although the CART model had the lowest computational cost, it had the worst performance. The MANN algorithm, on the other hand, required a longer runtime to process the same dataset.

Drought is an important environmental stress that limits crop production in the world. Its importance has increased with global warming and it has become one of the most important factors limiting plant production. Soybean is the more source of obtaining and cheaper protein per unit area. Soybean has a widespread use in livestock because it contains valuable amino acids as well as high protein quality. The aim of this research is to diminish negative effect of drought stress in the forage soybean with indole acetic acid application. The experiment was carried out in the growth chamber according to a randomized block design with 4 doses (0-5-10-20 μM IAA) of indole acetic acid, 2 drought levels (0 and -0.5 MPa PEG-6000) and 3 replicate. Leaf length and width, leaf proportional water content, cell membrane damage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the plants were determined. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance using a statistical package program. According to the analysis of variance, all parameters were found to be statistically significant in drought x indole acetic acid interaction. Indole acetic acid applied to the forage soybean plant alleviated the damage caused by drought. For this reason, it is thought that it may be important to ensure less damage to plants grown under stress.

Bir apiterapi ürünü olan bal ise; vitamin ve mineral bakımından zengin, böcekler tarafından bitki üzerinde oluşturulan nektarı toplayarak elde edilen, insan sağlığı açısından büyük önem ihtiva eden maddeleri içeren değerli bir besindir. Farklı bitkilerden elde edilen ballarda farklı renk, tat ve kompozisyonlar gözlenebilmektedir. Türkiye’de en çok tüketilen arı ürünleri arasında yer alan balda hillendirilen gıdaların arasında yer almaktadır. Aynı zamanda bala şeker şurubu, nişasta tağşişi gibi bazı maddelerin katılması ile sahte bal üretimi gerçekleştirilmekte olup, tüketicileri de tehlikeye sokan GDO’lu balların üretiminin de dünya üzerinde artış gösterdiği bildirilmektedir. Bu durum önüne geçmek adına ise Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bal Tebliği’nde balın katkı maddelerinden uzak (gıda katkı maddeleri dahil olmak üzere), doğal bileşiminde bulunmayan organik ve/veya inorganik maddelerden ari olması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Bal tebliğinde belirtildiği gibi bal üretimi yapabilmek içinde balın bazı kalite kriterleri mevcuttur. Bu kriterler ise balın kimyasal içeriği (fenolik bileşikler, fruktoz / glikoz oranı, rutubeti, kül, ph değeri, Hidroksimetil furfural gibi), balın hammaddesine (yani nektarı) etki eden faktörler, bala ısıl işlem uygulanması sırasındaki sıcaklık değerleri, balın çiğ ve taze olması balın kalite kriterleri olarak belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, balın kimyasal yapısında bulunan bileşiklerin Türk Gıda Kodeksi’ ne göre bulunma oranlarının, ısıl işlem uygulanmasının ve balın nektar yapısının kalite üzerine etkileri derleme olarak hazırlanmıştır.

Plastics are high demand raw material with applications in many industries due to their low costs and easily processable structures. Increasing plastic production in line with the high demand and inadequate waste management of plastic waste gives rise to accumulation of these wastes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It has been reported that microscopic size plastics (microplastics) (

The degradation of some pesticides (acetamiprid, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben) by Enterobacter cloacae (plant growth-promoting bacteria) was investigated in vitro. In this study, firstly the effective substances used initially did not have a negative effect on E. cloacae, and the bacteria showed the same growth as the control group in the nutrient agar medium. Secondly, application doses of pesticides were added to erlenmeyer with nutrient broth, and 1 ml of 1×109 cells/ml of E. cloacae solution was inoculated and incubated in a shaker at room temperature (24°C) for 7 days. After the nutrient broth medium was extracted, pesticides were measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). When the results were compared with the control group, there was no degradation in acetamiprid, but 98.9% in pyraclostrobin, 98.6% in boscalid, 94.1% in kresoxim-methyl, 73.5% in pyridaben and 57.3% in deltamethrin. It is thought that the results of this study and the information obtained on the degradation of boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben will shed light on future studies.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal some viruses that are a problem in tomato production areas in the Ereğli district of Konya, where tomato production is common. For this reason, in the 2019 production season, leaf samples were taken from 160 tomato plants showing symptoms similar to virus disease symptoms such as mosaic, deformations, yellowing, blight on the leaves and stunted plants. Possible infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted-wilt virus (TSWV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) on these leaves were tested by serological-based DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) method. According to DAS-ELISA results, it was determined that 66.25% of the samples were infected with at least one of these three viruses. In addition, TSWV was detected as the most common virus with a 48.75% relative infection rate in the samples, followed by ToMV (28.75%) and CMV (26.25%). Mixed infections of the viruses were also detected in the leaf samples tested. CMV + TSWV double infection was detected in 22 samples, ToMV + TSWV double infection was detected in 14 samples, and CMV + ToMV + TSWV triple infection was detected in 12 plant samples.