Meat is the main source of animal protein. One type of meat that is most consumed by people is beef. The increasing price of beef due to the scarcity of beef in Indonesia, encourages the government to issue a policy of buffalo meat importation, in order to cope with the void of Indonesian meat stock. The problem is that this policy has many pros and cons from various parties. There are parties who support and there are also those who strongly oppose. Those who oppose this policy are governments in several regions and organizations that feel disadvantaged by the buffalo meat importation policy. Based on the phenomenon that occurs with the import of buffalo, in this study the authors are interested in analyzing Policy Implication of Buffalo Meat Importation to Beef Marketing: Case of Bogor, Indonesia. The method used is a Structural Equation Models (SEM) with 150 respondents. The result of this research is respondents were willing to buy and consume buffalo meat as long as the quality, health and halal were guaranteed.

Present case report deals with a rare case of dystocia due to foetal scoliosis (lateral curvature of lumbar region of vertebral column), dwarfism (short body length) and arthrogryposis (deformed joints of limbs) and its successful management through pervaginum.

A 2 years old male buffalo calf was presented with a history of prolapsed mass hanging from of anal region from last 2 weeks with signs of straining and difficulty to defecate. Another signs included inflammatory signs on rectal wall, soiling with dirt and congested mucous membrane. The animal was treated under posterior epidural anesthesia using lignocaine hydrochloride 2 percent. The prolapsed mass was manually replaced and purse string suture was applied. Broad spectrum antibiotics and analgesics were administered postoperatively. Animal recovered uneventfully 8 post treatment days.

Oxidative stress is present in buffaloes with diaphragmatic hernia not only because of endogenous antioxidant deficiency but also because of reperfusion injury owing to intraoperative animal posture. This study was planned in 12 buffaloes with diaphragmatic hernia which was corrected surgically either with or without positive pressure ventilation. The extent of oxidative stress was estimated by studying MDA and SOD levels in blood. Both MDA and SOD increased at different stages of operation and did not differ significantly in animals with or without positive pressure ventilation.

Foot and mouth disease is among the top listed livestock diseases causing severe economic losses. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of FMD and detection of FMD virus shedding in milk of apparently healthy buffaloes and cattle of Pakistan. A total of 30 dairy farms were selected and registered in rural areas of Punjab consisting of minimum 15 animals. A total of 180 serum samples were collected and subjected to Non structural proteins (NSP) ELISA. The milk of sero-positive animals were collected and detected for the presence of FMD virus using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The results of current study showed overall seroprevalence 71.66 percent (129/180) with 65.38 percent in buffaloes and 76.47 percent in cattle. The FMD virus was detected in 24.03 percent (31/129) of sero positive samples. Among the FMD virus positive samples 65.51 percent belongs to serotype O and 35.48 percent belongs to Asia I, while none of the other serotypes were detected. The detection of FMD virus from the milk of apparently healthy buffaloes and cattle is an alarming situation and it may be considered as a potential role in the transmission of FMD.

This study was conducted to determine feeding regimes and some production parameters of Anatolia buffaloes in the Azikheli Delta which one of the Turkey's biggest and most important wetland ecosystem. A total of 59 dairy farms, whose owners were members of the Samsun Provincial Buffalo Breeders Union, were selected for the survey. According to results of the survey, 55.9 percent of the buffalo breeders had above 20 buffaloes. The majority of the farmers produced their own roughage. Most respondents reported that calves were weaned at 5 months of age or older. The investigation revealed that the buffalo feeding system depended on grazing from April to November (summer feeding). During winter feeding, dry forage+silage were used together on the majority of the farms (96.6 percent). All respondents didn’t feed concentrates to their heifers and pregnant buffaloes in the last trimester were fed a special regime by some farmers (16.9 percent). The buffaloes in early lactation were provided a supplementary concentrate mixture by 78 percent of farmers. None of the producers used balanced rations for their animals. Daily milk yield, 69.5 percent of farms, were 3 to 5 L. Mean age at first calving were 31 to 36 months. The survey results showed that the feeding regimes for Anatolian buffaloes adopted by the farmers are deficient and this is probably causing reduced milk yields and reproductive performance. Consequently, in order to improvement milk yield and reproduction potential, it is suggested that buffalo feeding regime should be matched to nutrient requirements and giving information to farmers about feeding techniques.

During the last years buffalo reproductive researchers have been tried to develop and apply fixed timed artificial insemination protocols to increase pregnancy rates to maximize improvement. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the pregnancy rates of different protocols of synchronization (Ovsynch and progesterone implants) and resynchronization of ovulation in a meat water buffalo herd during reproductive season of 2016. 194 mature Mediterranean females, were randomly assigned to four different protocols, ultrasound evaluation were used to determine cyclicity (presence of corpus luteum or follicles GT= 7 mm de diameter). 18 days after insemination all females were resynchronized and at day 25 ultrasound were performed, those nonpregnant females were inseminated 28 days after first insemination. All inseminations were performed by the same technician and only one bull was used. InfoStat software was used, statistical significance was considered when p value was lower than α of the 5 percent. No statistical significance were found within the protocols. Early embryonic dead 50 days after IA was 3.4 percent. Pregnancy rate was 47.9 percent and 53.5 percent for insemination and reinsemination respectively and the final pregnancy rate after the adjust for early pregnancy loss 73.2 percent, during the 28 days of the breeding period. The results obtained allow breeders to choose the best pharmacological option to use FTAI in their herds based on their own needs to improve production without affecting pregnancy rates.

The present study evaluated the impact of once-used intravaginal progesterone inserts (TRIU-B) from day 4 to day 10 post-ovulation on luteal profile (corpus luteum diameter, CL; plasma progesterone) and conception rate in buffalo (n=80) during summer season. The buffaloes were estrus synchronized by Cloprostenol (500 micro g, i.m.) administered 11 days apart, followed by AI during standing estrus. All the buffaloes were equally categorized into control (without TRIU-B) or treatment (pervaginally inserted with once-used TRIU-B) group. From each group, 15 buffaloes were subjected to ovarian ultrasonography for CL diameter measurements on day 4 and day 10 postovulation followed by jugular vein blood collection for plasma progesterone analysis. On day 10 postovulation, the control group buffalo had larger (P LT 0.05) CL diameter (15.2+-0.5 vs. 14.0+-0.3 mm), whereas, plasma progesterone was higher (P LT 0.05) in treatment group (3.4+-0.2 vs. 1.7+-0.1 ng/ml). Conception rates were 55.0 and 37.5 percent in treatment and control groups, respectively (χ2=2.46, P GT 0.05). Moreover, pregnant and non-pregnant buffalo of treatment group exhibited higher (P LT 0.05) plasma progesterone on day 10 post-ovulation compared to their control counterparts. In conclusion, pervaginal insertion of once-used TRIU-B enhanced post-ovulation plasma progesterone but failed to improve conception rate in buffalo.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne's disease, a disease with considerable economic impact on dairy buffalo herds. The present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of MAP infection in buffaloes and its excretory pattern through buffalo milk. A total of 74 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy buffaloes of organized and unorganized sectors located in Tamil Nadu and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining and Polymerase chain reaction (IS900 and F57 genes). Out of 74 samples, 3 (4.1 percent), 21 (28.4 percent) and 14 (18.9 percent) samples shed MAP organism by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, IS900 PCR and F57 PCR respectively. Besides age of the animal, stage of lactation and herd management were associated with excretion of MAP in milk. These results showed the high prevalence of MAP infection in buffaloes and warrants further studies and necessary actions to delineate the MAP infection in buffalo population.

Animal husbandry is the mainstay of economy of resource poor farmers' in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP). Average milk yield of indigenous cattle was recorded only 2.75+-0.66 kg/day compared to 7.55+-1.20 kg/day in improved cattle. Accordingly, milk yield was recorded to be 3.06+-0.86 and 5.12+-1.71 kg/day in indigenous and improved buffalo. Rearing of improved livestock resulted into 2-fold higher energy inputs compared to indigenous ones. However, energy output was highest through milk in case of indigenous as well as improved breeds of cattle and buffalo. Economic analysis revealed that cost of human labour was highest (GT 40 percent) for rearing of indigenous livestock, followed by dry fodder (GT 25 percent). In case of improved livestock, cost of concentrate feed had maximum input (GT 30 percent). On average, 2000 to 2100 square m of fodder area is required to feed one unit of improved livestock in EIGP. Net monetary benefit was highest for improved cattle (US Dollar 523.10), followed by improved buffalo (US Dollar 135.68). The data indicated that animal husbandry is an important food production system in EIGP besides food crops and both the systems have been found complimentary to one another through emphasis on resource recycling.