Buffaloes were screened for theileriosis by routine microscopic examination and also subjected for characterisation by PCR technique. Blood samples were collected from lactating buffaloes in post partum period from endemic areas of Athagarh block of Cuttack district, Odisha, India. Genomic DNA of Theileria piroplasm was isolated and genus specific primers were used for amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. The amplified PCR products of Theileria spp. were sequenced. Out of 86 cases examined, 21 and 31 samples were found positive by Giemsa stained blood smear method and PCR technique respectively. The PCR product was sequenced and analysed for homology. The identified nucleotide sequence had close sequence homology with Theileria orientalis and Theileria buffeli. These findings also support the fact that 18S small subunit rRNA gene is hyper variable among the species. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to NCBI and a new accession number (MN262069) was assigned.

This study focused on finding the critical controlling points in the swamp buffalo milking and storage processes in an intensive farm setting over a 12 months period (between June 2018 and July 2019). The raw milk and pasteurized milk samples were randomly collected once a month for laboratory testing by standard plate count (SPC) and total coliform count (TCC). The model for the investigation and implementation of this study was taken from the dairy cattle industry-which involves similar, though not identical, problems and issues. The first phase of this study was the problem finding phase. The collected raw milk samples showed that both the SPC and the TCC were higher than standard values and both contained environmental bacterial contamination. Escherichia coli contamination was found to be caused by improper hygienic conditions i.e. poor personal hygiene, inadequate techniques and procedures to clean and disinfect the milking equipment and milking area or from after milking issues such as high temperatures during milk storage and transportation. In the problem solving phase, protocols of good hygiene throughout the milking process were suggested and implemented. The collected raw milk and pasteurized milk samples for SPC and TCC decreased to the standard values after hygienic improvements were implemented. The hygiene of the milk workers (such as the hand washing), the lack of staff duty separation and the failure to properly regulate the temperature during, and duration of, the raw milk storage were found to be the critical controlling points of this study. In the follow up phase, the SPC and TCC of the raw and pasteurized milk tested in the standard value range throughout the monitoring period. Our finding suggested that client education and monitoring at least once a month might be necessary in swamp buffalo dairy farms in order to ensure good practices in the milking process. This study could provide guidelines for the development of a hygienic swamp buffalo milk production protocols for private and government farms and as a prototype for future developments in this industry.

The aim of experiment was to evaluate whether biostimulation by mature intact bull to anoestrus buffalo alters breeding performance associated with CIDR based oestrus synchronization protocol during low breeding season. Anoestrus buffalo that had calved 170.0+-10.6 (132 to 208) days before the start of the trial, were either exposed to bull (n=30, BE) or not exposed to bull (n=10, BN) for 12 days after CIDR placement (day 0). Animals received PGF 2 alpha on day 9, CIDR was removed on day 10 and Timed AI (TAI) was performed with frozen thawed semen at 48 and 60 h after CIDR removal. Buffalo were observed for oestrus detection twice daily for three days after CIDR removal. Blood sampling was done on day 9, 12 and 20 of the experiment to monitor the progesterone and cortisol levels (5 per group). Pregnancy test was done 60 days after insemination. Oestrus expression was noted in 68.97 percent (BE) and 60 percent (BN) animals (P GT 0.05). Progesterone rise above 1 ng/ml on day 20 was recorded in 4/5 (80 percent) in BE group and 2/5 (40 percent) in BN group (P GT 0.05). Conception rate was 37.9 percent (11/29) and 30 percent, (3/10) in BE and BN groups respectively (P GT 0.05). It is concluded that CIDR and fixed time artificial insemination can be used to overcome partially the problem of anoestrus and seasonality in buffalo. However, biostimulation in CIDR treated anoestrus buffalo did not increase the number of ovulating/oestrus buffalo during low breeding season probably due to a shorter exposure period (only 12 days) to bull.

Out of the 290 uterine torsion affected buffaloes presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Hospital, GADVASU, Ludhiana, gestation period was complete in 88.6 percent buffaloes and its most (66.2 percent) frequent occurrence was observed second to fourth parity. Most of the uterine torsion were post cervical (95.1 percent), on right side (93.4 percent), of GT 180 deg (82 percent) and presented within 36 h from the occurrence of uterine torsion. Sharma's modified Schaffer's method was attempted to detort 87.9 percent uterine torsion affected buffaloes. There were no significant (P GT 0.05) association of successful detorsion with gestation period, parity, side of torsion, position of torsion and degree of torsion. However, the duration of torsion were significantly (P LT 0.05) associated with successful detorsions. The overall survival rate of uterine torsion affected buffaloes presented at TVCC hospital was 63.4 percent, whereas the survival rate among the successfully detorted buffaloes was about 91 percent. The survival rate of the calves delivered was 18.96 percent and most (59.9 percent) of calves delivered were male. Calf survival and dam survival rate decreased with increase in duration of occurrence. The future fertility decreased with increase in duration of torsion. It is concluded that the increased duration from the occurrence of uterine torsion to its treatment decreases the chances of successful detorsion, dam survival and calf survival.

The present study was conducted to study the antibiogram pattern with special reference to multi drug resistant S. aureus in buffaloes of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 200 milk samples were collected from the buffaloes of Sultanpur and Faizabad district of U.P. and processed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was successfully isolated from 140 milk samples using Mannitol Salt Agar. Out of 140 isolates none of the S. aureus isolates from mastitic milk were 100 percent sensitive to any antibiotic. Multi Drug Resistance was observed in 100 percent buffaloes of eastern plain zone for atleast 2 drugs. Highest 133 isolates (95 percent) were resistant to Cefotaxime, 120 isolates (85.72 percent) were resistant to Ampicillin, 113 isolates (80.72 percent) were resistant to Ceftazidime-Tazobactam, 27 isolates (18.58 percent) showed resistance against Gentamicin and Methicillin, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) showed resistance against Cloxacillin followed by Tetracycline where 20 isolates (14.28 percent) showed only resistance. Least resistance (33 isolates, 9.29 percent) was exhibited for cloxacillin, that proved to be the most effective antibiotic. Among the 140 S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk, 27 isolates (19.28 percent) exhibited resistance against 2 antibiotics, 20 (14.28 percent) isolates were resistance to 3 antibiotics, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) were resistant to 4 antibiotics. 40 (28.57 percent) isolates were resistant to 5 antibiotics. Seven (5 percent) isolates each were resistant to 6 and 7 antibiotics. 6 isolates (4.28 percent) were resistant to maximum 8 antibiotics On antibiogram mapping it was found that, the most effective antibiotic against S. aureus in this region in subclinical mastitis was Ofloxacin followed by Tetracycline, Methicillin and Gentamicin.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of polypropylene mesh (PPM) for the repair of external abdominal hernias in buffaloes. PPM was used for the repair of external abdominal hernias in ten Jaffarabadi buffaloes having mean weight of 388.5 kg and mean hernial ring size of 117.279 cm2. Clinical, hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants parameters were evaluated before and on post-implantation days 7 and 15 to assess efficacy of the repair. With the exception of one case, healing was uneventful. Hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants findings were unremarkable. Polypropylene mesh shows excellent repair efficiency for external abdominal hernia repair in buffaloes without serious complications.