RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de um complexo enzimático contendo α-amilase, ß-glucanase, fitase, celulase, xilanase e protease na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho (ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração e conversão alimentar), digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e custos de alimentação. Foram utilizados 80 suínos (machos castrados e êmeas), com aproximadamente 63 dias de idade, com peso inicial médio de 20,18 ± 1,98 kg, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 5x2 (dietas x sexo), em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram testados cinco tratamentos com oito repetições, sendo: CP: Dieta controle positivo (3300 kcal/kg na fase crescimento I e 3250 kcal/kg nas fases crescimento II e terminação)1; CN85: Dieta controle negativo com redução energética (85 kcal/kg EM); CE85: Dieta CN85 com adição de complexo enzimático; CN100: Dieta controle negativo com redução energética (100 kcal/kg EM); CE100: Dieta CN100 com adição de complexo enzimático. Nas dietas com redução energética de 100 kcal/kg de EM, o uso do complexo enzimático elevou o teor de proteína digestível durante o Crescimento II. A adição de complexo enzimático nas dietas com redução energética de 85 e 100 kcal/kg de EM aumentou os teores de energia digestível nas dietas de Terminação. Os resultados mostraram que para machos, recomenda-se o uso de complexo enzimático em dietas com redução de 85 kcal/kg de EM, durante os períodos de crescimento e terminação, pois melhora a conversão alimentar e é economicamente mais eficiente durante o Crescimento I. Para fêmeas, o uso do complexo enzimático não se justifica. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzyme complex-α-amylase, ß-glucanase, phytase, cellulase, xylanase and protease-in the feed of swine in growing and finishing phases, by assessing their performance (daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion), dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility, and the feed costs. Eighty pigs-castrated males, and females-of approximately 63 days of age and initial weight of 20.18±1.98 kg were distributed in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (diet × sex), in a randomized block design, with eight replications. The treatments used were: positive control diet consisted of 3,300 kcal/kg in the growth-I phase, and 3,250 kcal/kg in the growth-II and finishing phases; negative control diet with energy reduction of 85 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) (NC85); NC85 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC85); negative control diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME (NC100); NC100 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC100). The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible protein content of the diet for the swine in the growth-II phase. The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 85 and 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible energy content of the diets for the swine in the finishing phase. The use of enzyme complex in diets with reduction of 85 kcal/kg ME for male swine in growing and finishing phases is recommended for improving feed conversion and economic efficiency during the growth-I phase. The use of enzyme complex is not justified for female swine.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzyme complex-α-amylase, ß-glucanase, phytase, cellulase, xylanase and protease-in the feed of swine in growing and finishing phases, by assessing their performance (daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion), dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility, and the feed costs. Eighty pigs-castrated males, and females-of approximately 63 days of age and initial weight of 20.18±1.98 kg were distributed in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (diet × sex), in a randomized block design, with eight replications. The treatments used were: positive control diet consisted of 3,300 kcal/kg in the growth-I phase, and 3,250 kcal/kg in the growth-II and finishing phases; negative control diet with energy reduction of 85 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) (NC85); NC85 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC85); negative control diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME (NC100); NC100 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC100). The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible protein content of the diet for the swine in the growth-II phase. The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 85 and 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible energy content of the diets for the swine in the finishing phase. The use of enzyme complex in diets with reduction of 85 kcal/kg ME for male swine in growing and finishing phases is recommended for improving feed conversion and economic efficiency during the growth-I phase. The use of enzyme complex is not justified for female swine.

ABSTRACT The cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], also known as cowpea, is of fundamental socioeconomic importance to the northeast of Brazil, and has become one of the main sources of protein in the diet of the rural population. However, in this region, it has become necessary to identify genotypes that are better adapted to drought. In addition, research is needed regarding the action of substances that promote tolerance to stress factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative response of cowpea cultivars under osmotic stress conditions using potassium nitrate as an attenuator. Five osmotic potentials were tested in the substrate (0.0, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa), and three seed treatments (pre-soaking in distilled water, pre-soaking in potassium nitrate, and without pre-soaking) were tested in three cowpea cultivars (BRS Itaim, BRS Aracê, and BRS Potengi). The design was randomized with 45 treatments and four replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (P < 0.05), and in cases of significance, regression analysis was conducted to quantitate the factors. Our results indicate that an increase in proline content in cowpea plants may be seen as indicative of the intensity of water stress on germination and the initial stages of growth of the plant. The BRS Itaim cultivar best tolerates drought conditions with the application of potassium nitrate, given the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. | RESUMO O feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], também conhecido como feijão macassar, representa fundamental importância socioeconômica para o Nordeste do Brasil, constituindo-se como uma das principais fontes proteicas na alimentação da população rural. Todavia, nessa região é necessário identificar genótipos mais adaptados ao déficit hídrico, bem como conhecer a ação de substâncias promotoras de tolerância a fatores de estresse. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resposta antioxidativa de cultivares feijão-caupi sob condições de estresse osmótico, utilizando como atenuador o nitrato de potássio. Foram testados cinco potenciais osmóticos no substrato (0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa) e três tratamentos de sementes (pré-embebição em água destilada; pré-embebição em nitrato de potássio e sem pré-embebição) em três cultivares (BRS Itaim, BRS Aracê e BRS Potengi). Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e sementes por repetição. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (P<0,05) e nos casos de significância foi realizada a análise de regressão para fator de natureza quantitativa. Os resultados indicam que um aumento no teor de prolina em feijão-caupi pode ser visto como indicativo da intensidade do estresse hídrico na germinação e nos estágios iniciais de crescimento da planta. A cultivar BRS Itaim tolera melhor as condições de seca com a aplicação de nitrato de potássio,dado o aumento da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes como superóxido dismutase, catalase e ascorbato peroxidase.

The cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., also known as cowpea, is of fundamental socioeconomic importance to the northeast of Brazil, and has become one of the main sources of protein in the diet of the rural population. However, in this region, it has become necessary to identify genotypes that are better adapted to drought. In addition, research is needed regarding the action of substances that promote tolerance to stress factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative response of cowpea cultivars under osmotic stress conditions using potassium nitrate as an attenuator. Five osmotic potentials were tested in the substrate (0.0, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa), and three seed treatments (pre-soaking in distilled water, pre-soaking in potassium nitrate, and without pre-soaking) were tested in three cowpea cultivars (BRS Itaim, BRS Aracê, and BRS Potengi). The design was randomized with 45 treatments and four replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (P < 0.05), and in cases of significance, regression analysis was conducted to quantitate the factors. Our results indicate that an increase in proline content in cowpea plants may be seen as indicative of the intensity of water stress on germination and the initial stages of growth of the plant. The BRS Itaim cultivar best tolerates drought conditions with the application of potassium nitrate, given the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass production and antioxidant enzymatic system activity of irrigated forage sorghum with saline aquaculture effluent under different leaching fractions. The experiment was conducted in the Caatinga Experimental Field of the Embrapa Semiarido, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block in a split-plot arrangement with four replications, consisting of three forage sorghum varieties (Volumax, F305 and Sudan) and four leaching fractions (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The vegetal materials were collected when the plants were at the soft-dough stage. The biomass production and activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were evaluated. Irrigation with saline aquaculture effluent with leaching fraction of 15% results in low salinity level in the root zone and higher biomass production of forage sorghum Sudan and F305, in semiarid conditions. The antioxidant system was activated in the three sorghum varieties to prevent accumulation of reactive oxygen species, with the synchrony between the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase resulting in a better productive response of the varieties Sudan and F305. | RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho da cultura do sorgo forrageiro irrigado com efluente salino da piscicultura sob diferentes frações de lixiviação em relação à produção de biomassa e a atividade do sistema enzimático antioxidativo. O estudo foi realizado no Campo Experimental Caatinga, pertencente à Embrapa Semiárido, em Petrolina - PE. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, composto por três variedades de sorgo forrageiro (Volumax, F305 e Sudão) e quatro frações de lixiviação (0; 5; 10 e 15%). A coleta do material vegetal foi realizada quando os grãos da porção central da panícula apresentaram aspecto leitoso a pastoso. Foi avaliada a produção de biomassa e a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase, catalase e ascorbato peroxidase. O uso de 15 % de fração de lixiviação para irrigação com efluentes salinos da piscicultura proporciona um menor nível de salinidade da zona radicular e promove uma melhor produção de biomassa do sorgo forrageiro Sudão e F305 em condições semiáridas. O sistema antioxidativo foi ativado nas três variedades de sorgo para evitar o acúmulo de ROS, sendo a sincronia entre as enzimas superóxido dismutase e catalase que refletiu numa melhor resposta produtiva das variedades Sudão e F305.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biomass production and antioxidant enzymatic system activity of irrigated forage sorghum with saline aquaculture effluent under different leaching fractions. The experiment was conducted in the Caatinga Experimental Field of the Embrapa Semiarido, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block in a split-plot arrangement with four replications, consisting of three forage sorghum varieties (Volumax, F305 and Sudan) and four leaching fractions (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The vegetal materials were collected when the plants were at the soft-dough stage. The biomass production and activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were evaluated. Irrigation with saline aquaculture effluent with leaching fraction of 15% results in low salinity level in the root zone and higher biomass production of forage sorghum Sudan and F305, in semiarid conditions. The antioxidant system was activated in the three sorghum varieties to prevent accumulation of reactive oxygen species, with the synchrony between the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase resulting in a better productive response of the varieties Sudan and F305.