ABSTRACT Plant growth promoter microorganisms have been studied as important tools for increasing crop production. Lettuce is the most consumed hardwood crop in the world. Numerous microorganisms are capable of acting in a beneficial way in the growth of this culture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas on the microbial biomass, enzymatic activities in sandy soil and lettuce production. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replicates and treatments: CONT (absolute control); CM (control with cattle manure fertilization); CMB (with fertilization and Pseudomonas sp.); CMF (with fertilization and T. aureoviride) and CMBF (with fertilization and the two microorganisms combined). The fertilizer used was organic with cattle manure in a dose recommended for the culture. This study evaluated the production of lettuce, microbial biomass and the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease. The combined application of CMBF was efficient in increasing lettuce production, because it increased 85% of the cv. Veronica cultivated on sandy soil. The combined use of plant growth promoting microorganisms resulted to an increase in microbial biomass. In lettuce crops, it is recommended to use T. aureoviride URM 5158 and Pseudomonas sp. UAGF 14 in lettuce crops, because improved lettuce production, improves the biochemical quality of soils measured by absolute and specific enzymatic activities per unit of microbial biomass. | RESUMO Os micro-organismos promotores do crescimento de plantas vêm sendo estudados como uma importante ferramenta para o aumento da produção agrícola. Lactuca sativa (alface) é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida em todo mundo. Inúmeros micro-organismos podem atuar de forma benéfica no crescimento desta cultura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de isolados de Trichoderma e Pseudomonas sp. na biomassa microbiana, atividades enzimáticas em solo arenoso e produção da alface cultivada com alface. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições, sendo os tratamentos: CONT (controle absoluto); CM (controle apenas com a fertilização); CMB (com fertilização e Pseudomonas sp.); CMF (com fertilização e T. aureoviride) e CMBF (com fertilização e os dois micro-organismos combinados). A fertilização utilizada foi a orgânica pela adição de esterco bovino em dose recomendada para a cultura. Avaliou-se a produção de alface, a biomassa microbiana e a atividade enzimática da fostafase ácida, fosfatase alcalina e urease. A aplicação CMBF foi eficiente para o aumento na produção de alface, pois incrementou 85% da produção da cv. Verônica em solo arenoso. O uso combinado de micro-organismos promotores de crescimento de plantas incrementam a biomassa microbiana. Recomenda-se o uso de T. aureoviride URM 5158 e Pseudomonas sp. UAGF 14 no cultivo de alface, pois além de melhorar a produção, melhora a qualidade bioquímica dos solos mensurados por atividades enzimáticas absolutas e específicas por unidade de biomassa microbiana.

Plant growth promoter microorganisms have been studied as important tools for increasing crop production. Lettuce is the most consumed hardwood crop in the world. Numerous microorganisms are capable of acting in a beneficial way in the growth of this culture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas on the microbial biomass, enzymatic activities in sandy soil and lettuce production. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replicates and treatments: CONT (absolute control); CM (control with cattle manure fertilization); CMB (with fertilization and Pseudomonas sp.); CMF (with fertilization and T. aureoviride) and CMBF (with fertilization and the two microorganisms combined). The fertilizer used was organic with cattle manure in a dose recommended for the culture. This study evaluated the production of lettuce, microbial biomass and the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease. The combined application of CMBF was efficient in increasing lettuce production, because it increased 85% of the cv. Veronica cultivated on sandy soil. The combined use of plant growth promoting microorganisms resulted to an increase in microbial biomass. In lettuce crops, it is recommended to use T. aureoviride URM 5158 and Pseudomonas sp. UAGF 14 in lettuce crops, because improved lettuce production, improves the biochemical quality of soils measured by absolute and specific enzymatic activities per unit of microbial biomass.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of cowpea grains in different intercropping systems with millet, in wet and dry seasons. The experiments were performed in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replications and five treatments: T1- sole crop of millet; T2- sole crop of cowpea; T3- intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.50); T4 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.75 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.75); and T5 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (2 rows) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx2C-0.50). The cowpea shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number and dry weight of nodules, grain yield and 1000-grain weight, and the millet fresh weight, shoot dry weight, grain yield and 1000-grain weight were evaluated. The land-use efficiency index (LUE) showed significant differences in yield between the sole crop of cowpea and the intercropping system, with greater grain weight in the intercrop 1Mx2C-0.50. On the other hand, the intercrop 1Mx1C-0.75 was not recommended for the study conditions. | RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de grãos do feijão-caupi nos diferentes sistemas de consórcio com o milheto, na época das águas e da seca. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e cinco tratamentos: T1- cultura solteira de milheto; T2- cultura solteira de feijão-caupi; T3- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e uma de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,5m (1M x 1C-0,50); T4- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e uma de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,75m (1M x 1C-0,75); e T5- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e duas de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,5m (1M x 2C-0,50). No feijão-caupi, avaliou-se a massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, o número e massa seca de nódulos, a produtividade de grãos e a massa de 1000 grãos; enquanto no milheto, avaliou-se a massa verde, a massa seca da parte aérea, a produtividade de grãos e a massa de 1000 grãos. Pela comparação do índice de equivalência de área (IEA), se verificou diferenças significativas na produção de feijão-caupi por área explorada, no sistema consorciado em relação ao cultivo solteiro, com a maior massa de grãos no consórcio 1M x 2C-0,50, em relação aos outros. Por outro lado, o consórcio 1M x 1C-0,75 não é recomendável para o local.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of cowpea grains in different intercropping systems with millet, in wet and dry seasons. The experiments were performed in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replications and five treatments: T1- sole crop of millet; T2- sole crop of cowpea; T3- intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.50); T4 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.75 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.75); and T5 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (2 rows) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx2C-0.50). The cowpea shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number and dry weight of nodules, grain yield and 1000-grain weight, and the millet fresh weight, shoot dry weight, grain yield and 1000-grain weight were evaluated. The land-use efficiency index (LUE) showed significant differences in yield between the sole crop of cowpea and the intercropping system, with greater grain weight in the intercrop 1Mx2C-0.50. On the other hand, the intercrop 1Mx1C-0.75 was not recommended for the study conditions.

RESUMO: Com o presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produção de cultivares de alho semi-nobre, submetidas a diferentes períodos de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente em dois municípios da Mesorregião Oeste Potiguar. A pesquisa constou de dois experimentos desenvolvidos, simultaneamente, em Baraúna/RN e Governador Dix-sept Rosado/RN, entre os meses de abril e novembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas representadas pelas cultivares Gigante do Núcleo e BRS Hozan e as subparcelas constituídas pelos períodos de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente a 4 ± 1 ºC: 0, 10, 20 e 30 dias. Em Baraúna, a cultivar Gigante do Núcleo mostrou-se adaptada, apresentando uma produtividade de 4,56 t ha-1 sem o uso da vernalização, enquanto a cultivar BRS Hozan obteve uma produtividade de 4,42 t ha-1 quando vernalizada por 10 dias em pré-plantio. Em Governador Dix-sept Rosado, a vernalização de até 10 dias melhorou a adaptação de ambas as cultivares, entretanto, sem aumentos significativos na produtividade. O uso da vernalização, embora tenha melhorado a adaptação das cultivares nos locais de plantio, favorecendo a emergência de plantas, a altura de plantas e o número de folhas, não proporcionou aumentos significativos na produtividade, e, portanto, essa tecnologia não deve ser utilizada para produção deste tipo de alho na região. | ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and production of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two municipalities (Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado) of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Therefore, two simultaneous experiments were conducted, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). In Barauna, the cultivar Gigante-do-Nucleo proved to be adapted, with a yield of 4.56 Mg ha-1 without vernalization, while the BRS-Hozan presented a yield of 4.42 Mg ha-1 when vernalizated for 10 days at pre-planting. In Governador Dix-sept Rosado, the vernalization of 10 days improved the adaptation of both cultivars, however, with no significant yield increases. The use of vernalization improved adaptation of cultivars in the planting locations, facilitating the emergence of plants, increasing plant height and number of leaves, however, not promoting significant yield increases, therefore, this technology should not be used for produce this type of garlic in this region.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and production of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two municipalities (Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado) of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Therefore, two simultaneous experiments were conducted, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). In Barauna, the cultivar Gigante-do-Nucleo proved to be adapted, with a yield of 4.56 Mg ha-1 without vernalization, while the BRS-Hozan presented a yield of 4.42 Mg ha-1 when vernalizated for 10 days at pre-planting. In Governador Dix-sept Rosado, the vernalization of 10 days improved the adaptation of both cultivars, however, with no significant yield increases. The use of vernalization improved adaptation of cultivars in the planting locations, facilitating the emergence of plants, increasing plant height and number of leaves, however, not promoting significant yield increases, therefore, this technology should not be used for produce this type of garlic in this region.