This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrids of muskmelon on different substrates. Five substrates were evaluated: S1 = coconut husk fiber, S2 = sand; S3 = ½ sand and ½ crushed of sugarcane, S4 = ½ sand and ½ of peanut shell, and S5 = I sand, I of crushed sugarcane and I of peanut shell and four hybrids of muskmelon (Bonus N°. 2, Louis, Fantasy Jab and 2007 # 16). The plants were cultivated in plastic pots of 13 dm3, which were filled with these substrates; they were arranged in plants spacing of 1,0 x 0,5 m between plants. The Fertirrigation was done by dripping, using a nutrient solution for the culture. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, in a 5 X 4 factorial design with four replications. The characteristics evaluated were: total production, average transverse and longitudinal diameter of fruit, fruit shape index; mesocarp thickness; average transverse and longitudinal diameter of the locule; index format locule; mass of fresh fruit; soluble solids, pH; titratable acidity; C vitamin; firmness of flesh; tracery of shell; and maturation index. The optimal substrate for muskmelon cultivation is a combination of 50% sand + 50% peanut shell. The hybrid Fantasy performed better compared to other hybrids.

This paper aims to evaluate the quality of yellow mombin fruit in different maturation stages from clones cultivated in Ceará - CE. For that 'Capuan', 'Lagoa Redonda', 'Genipabu' and 'Gereau' clones was harvested, at different maturation stages, being: 1 (green fruit), 2 (25% to 50% of yellow skin), 3 (75% of yellow skin) and 4 (100% of yellow skin). The fruits were transported to the laboratory of Chemistry of IFCE Campus Limoeiro do Norte - CE, and then were made a selection and the classification of maturity stages by skin color. The experiment was conducted with four treatments (maturation stages) with five replications each consisting of 10 fruits. It was evaluated soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and Ratio. To the physical parameters, was using only yellow mombin of 3rd stage, and was evaluated weight, length diameter of fruit. The clones presented differences physico-chemical. The 'Gereau' clone had the highest soluble solids. In the stage 4, independent of the clone, was verifying the higher soluble solids content and lower acidity, thus presenting, higher condition of acceptability by consumers and the industry, and the point of harvest more appropriate.

This paper evaluated the effect of different herbicides applied isolated and mixed on two species of dayflower (Commelina benghalensis and Commelina villosa). Both species were grown under pot conditions with a capacity of 14 L. Three stems with 10 cm were planted per pot. The herbicides application was made using a stationary spray system, to provide a spray volume of 200 L ha-1, with spray tip XR 110.02VS, when the plants were with dimensions of 25-35 cm for C. benghalensis and 30-35 cm for C. villosa. The mixture saflufenacil more effective control of C. benghalensis were saflufenacil + glyphosate (48 + 720 g ha-1) and, saflufenacil + (glyphosate + imazethapyr) with and without the addition of ammonium sulfate (24 + 623 g ha-1). The combination of carfentrazone + glyphosate (20 + 720 g ha-1) were also effective in the C. benghalensis control. The saflufenacil mixture allowed plant control of C. villosa, where saflufenacil + glyphosate (24 + 720 g ha-1) with the addition of ammonium sulfate, showed a good visually control of this species. The application of 2,4-D (720 g ha-1) and 2,4-D + glyphosate (720 + 720 g ha-1) provided the best visual controls of C. benghalensis e C. villosa. All chemical treatment regardless of Commelina species reduced the dry mass of dayflower.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different freezing times on the physical and chemical properties of goat Saanen breed milk in different the stages lactation L1 (55-65 days); L2 (75-85 days); L3 (95-105 days) and L4 (125-135 days). Three freezing times were tested: -18 ºC (40, 80 and 120 days) and time control (time zero). The stages of lactation of the goats influenced the cryoscopic index, the fat percentages, lactose, protein and total dry extract of the milks samples; nevertheless, the values that were found are between the limits accepted by the law. The results have shown that the milk freezing time did not influence (P<0,05) the density, cryoscopic, fat, lactose, protein and total dry extract parameters of the milk samples. There was an effect of interaction of stages the lactation x the freezing time of the milk (P<0,05) for the pH and acidity, which showed lower values with the increasing freezing time of the milks samples. The freezing time of goat milk proved to be a good means technical of preservation of its physical and chemical components, guaranteeing the product final quality and enabling the delivery the same in periods of low production.

The present study aimed to use DNA markers to select plants for the first and second backcross (BC) of two distinct populations of common bean, carrying the QTL for resistance to white mold and RAPD and microsatellite markers to identify the plants of the BC population more similar to their recurrent parent. For this, it was used the lines G122 (resistant - P1) as donor parent and VC3 (susceptible - P2) as recurrent parent for generation of the population F1RC1-GV evaluated for resistance to white mold by means of the SCAR Phs and genotyped with RAPD primers. In the F1RC2-EM population were used the lines Ex Rico 23 (resistant) as donor parent and M20 (susceptible) as recurrent parent evaluated for resistance to white mold, by means of RAPD primers O12.1600 and O15.1800 and genotyped with microsatellite (SSR) primers. Genetic similarity (sgij) between each BC plant and the recurrent parent was estimated using the Sorensen-Dice coefficient. The proportion of the SSR alleles derived from the recurrent parent was also estimated and, simultaneously, genetic similarity and the proportion of SSR alleles were efficient for identifying plants more similar to the recurrent parent. It was found that marker assisted selection (MAS) contributes to reducing the number of BC in at least a generation.

This paper presents morphoanatomic characteristics of roots, cataphylls, leaves and scapes of Amaryllidaceae s.s. and Alliaceae s.s. species from Northeastern Brazil. The histological laminas were prepared following standard plant anatomy techniques. Among the organs studied, leaves and scapes were shown to be useful for the delimitation of groups in family, genera and species. Among the diagnostic characters are raised: the presence of biconvex scape is unique in Griffinia and Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae s.s.), epidermal cell with sinuous anticlinal walls in the leaves and scape occur only in Griffinia espiritensis e acute maple leaf only in Habranthus robustus. Zephyranthes candidula differs by having subcircular and unifacial leaves, Hymenocallis littoralis by having subepidermal strands of collenchyma in the scapes and above the vascular bundles in the leaves. The presence of latex is unique of Nothoscordum pernambucanum (Alliaceae s.s.).

If was evaluated to the influence of different sources fertilization in the productivity of the lettuce cultivar ¿Elba¿ of different sources fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 with three replications. The experiment was conducted in gauntry of eutrophic cambisol and treatments consisted of the combination of four fertilization sources: 1 - bovine manure vermicompost humus (4 kg m-2); 2 - organic manuring, 4 kg m-2; 3 - cattle manure, 20 kg m-2; 4 - organic and mineral fertilizer, 10 kg m-2 cattle manure + 10 g de urea , 15 g potassium chloride and 45 g sample superphosphate m-2) with without and with foliar application. No significant interaction was observed between factor-treatments. The head mean diameter had mean value of 26 cm at 42 days after transplantation. This value is acceptable for the cultivar. For the characteristic commercial fresh mass, the best performance was in the organic and mineral fertilization (260.20 g).

Due to continued machinery, soil mobilization has caused considerable changes in both soil bulk density (physical attributes) and organic C content, risking crop yield reduction and negative environmental effects. In this context, this work aimed at assessing changes in both physical attributes and in organic C content of a Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo surface horizon, subjected to no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage with disk plow (DP), heavy harrow (HG), and disc plow plus harrow (DP+HG) for 23 years. A natural forest fragment (NF) was used as reference area. A randomized-block design with 8 x 12 m plots and four replications was used. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm depths in order to assess soil density, total organic carbon content, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability. Results showed that continued cultivation increases soil physical degradation, as evidenced by both macro porosity and total porosity reduction, aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total organic carbon, and soil density increase. The NT was found to best contribute to soil physical properties improvement and total organic carbon recovery in 0-5 cm surface layer.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the persistence of herbicides in weed management in pre and post emergence soybean and evaluate its effects on corn grown in succession. In field experiments we adopted the randomized block design with four replications, being appointed nine treatments (doses in kg ha-1): imazaquin (0.161 kg ha-1), diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1), sulfentrazone (0.600 kg ha-1) and flumioxazin (0.050 kg ha-1) in pre emergence applications, and chlorimuron-ethyl (0.015 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.060 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.100 kg ha-1) and fomesafen (0.250 kg ha-1) applied post emergence soybean and a control without herbicide. Variables of phytotoxicity, plant height, dry matter accumulation of shoot and grain yield were evaluated. The results showed that imazethapyr (0.1 kg ha-1) and diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1) caused a reduction in corn yield of 15.02% and 70.65% respectively. The residual activity was not sufficient to cause negative effect on grain yield for corn cultivar 30K75Y in the Cerrado region.

The aerial application of pesticides is a valuable tool in agriculture, when based on well-defined technical criterion. This paper aimed to evaluate the spatial dependence of the drops spectrum and its deposition by an aerial application over the soybean crop (Glycine max). An experimental agricultural aircraft was used, model Acrobat, from England Company, equipped with eight rotary atomizers, model Micronair AU 5000, applying a spray volume of 20 L ha-1. To obtain the droplet spectrum were used hidro sensitive targets consisting of paper, distributed in the middle third and higher plants. Spectrum analysis of the drops was made using the computer program "CIR" version 1.5 in 2002. To determine the amount deposited on the leaves of the upper, middle, and bottom of the soybean plants, we used the bright blue food coloring added to the spray solution. These leaves were washed and the amount determined by spectrophotometry. The analysis of spatial dependence was evaluated using the GS + version 7 program. The results show no spatial dependence for the attributes. There was a low percentage of coverage in the upper and middle third of the plants. The geostatistical analysis can be used to characterize the spatial attributes of application coverage, but should be used a sampling grid of smaller size.