RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento in vitro do fungo Fusarium guttiforme em condições de temperatura e luminosidade distintas e determinar o método de inoculação mais eficiente para a avaliação da resistência de abacaxizeiro à fusariose. Para a determinação do comportamento in vitro foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando para cada o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três temperaturas e três regimes de luminosidade), com cinco repetições para avaliação do índice de crescimento micelial e produção de conídios. As avaliações dos métodos de inoculação foram realizadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3x4 (métodos x distância de inoculação) a partir de folhas "D" de abacaxizeiro da cv. Pérola, inoculadas a 2, 5, 8 e 11 centímetros da base pelos métodos palito infestado com estruturas do patógeno, disco de micélio sem ferimento e disco de micélio com ferimento na folha. Não houve diferença significativa no comportamento in vitro dos isolados analisados. A temperatura e fotoperíodo recomendadas para a multiplicação de F. guttiforme foram de 25°C e 12 horas, respectivamente, por apresentar maior índice de crescimento micelial e produção conídios. O método indicado para avaliação de resistência à fusariose do abacaxizeiro por meio de inoculação foi o palito infestado com estruturas do patógeno, a uma distância de 2 a 11 cm da base da folha. Para que ocorra infecção do patógeno F. guttiforme faz-se necessário a realização de ferimento no local a ser inoculado. | ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro behavior of the fungus Fusarium guttiform in different conditions of temperature and luminosity and determine the most efficient inoculation method for evaluating the resistance of pineapple to fusariosis. To determine the in vitro behavior, two experiments was performed, with the same design, conduction, and evaluation. It was used a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 3x3 (three temperatures and three light regimes), with five replications. The evaluations of inoculation methods were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3x4 (methods x distance of inoculation). D leaves of pineapple, cultivar Pearl, were inoculated at two, five, eight and eleven centimeters from the base by the methods of infected toothpick, mycelium disc without injury and mycelium disc with injury on the leaf. There was no significant difference on in vitro behavior of the isolates analyzed. The indicated temperature and luminosity for the multiplication of F. guttiform were 25°C and 12 hours, respectively, since they showed significant my celial growth and increased production of reproductive structures. The indicated method for evaluation of resistance to fusariosis in pineapple was the inoculation by infected toothpick at a distance between 2 - 11 cm from the base of the leaf. It becomes necessary to perform an injury at the site to be inoculated for the infection of the pathogen F. guttiform occurs.

ABSTRACT: The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, handles significant losses in lettuce production. Being a soil borne fungus, its management is difficult, and an alternative is the use of biological control using species of the Trichoderma genus. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify native species of Trichoderma spp. presents in the soil with (CP) and without white mold (SP), evaluate the growth rate and in vitro antagonism of Trichoderma spp. against S. sclerotiorum and to verify the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. microbiolized lettuce seeds, growing in substrate infested with S. sclerotiorum. Trichoderma spp. isolates were obtained from areas with and without history of white mold or stored in water. Mycelial growth rate and sporulation of the Trichoderma spp. isolates and control of Trichoderma spp. versus S. sclerotiorum in the in vitro essays. For thein vivo essay, lettuce seeds were microbiolized with Trichoderma spp. and the substrate was infested with S. sclerotiorum. The native isolates of Trichoderma identified belong to T. koningiopsis and T. asperellum species. The CP isolates had higher mycelial growth rates when compared to the SP isolates and stored while the stored isolates showed better responses in confrontation. The application of Trichoderma spp. promoted higher seedlings quality compared to control, as well as good seedlings development in the presence of the pathogen. | RESUMO: O fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é responsável por perdas significativas na produção de alface. Por se tratar de um fungo habitante do solo seu manejo é dificultado, sendo uma alternativa o uso do controle biológico utilizando espécies do gênero Trichoderma. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar as espécies Trichoderma spp. nativas presentes em solo com (CP) e sem mofo-branco (SP), avaliar a velocidade de crescimento e o antagonismo in vitro dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. à S. sclerotiorum e verificar o potencial de biocontrole proporcionado por Trichoderma spp. microbiolizado em sementes de alface, cultivadas em substrato infestado com S. sclerotiorum. Foram utilizados isolados de Trichoderma spp. oriundos de áreas com e sem histórico de mofo-branco ou armazenados em água. Nos ensaios in vitro foram avaliados a taxa de crescimento micelial e a esporulação dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. e controle de Trichoderma spp. versus S. sclerotiorum. Para o ensaio in vivo sementes de alface foram microbiolizadas com Trichoderma spp. e o substrato infestado com S. sclerotiorum. Os isolados nativos de Trichoderma identificados pertencem às espécies T. koningiopsis e T. asperellum. Os isolados CP apresentaram maior taxa de crescimento micelial quando comparado aos SP e aos armazenados, enquanto que os isolados armazenados apresentaram melhores respostas na confrontação direta. A aplicação de Trichoderma spp. promoveu o crescimento de plântulas de alface mais vigorosas quando comparadas à testemunha, assim como um bom desenvolvimento das plântulas na presença do patógeno.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade, o rendimento e a qualidade de fibras de cultivares de algodoeiro herbáceo submetidas a diferentes lâminas de irrigação. Durante dois anos consecutivos foi conduzido um experimento de campo na região de Apodi (RN) disposto em parcelas subdivididas com quatro lâminas de irrigação (130, 100, 70 e 40% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc) e quatro cultivares de algodoeiro (FiberMax 993, BRS 286, BRS 336 e BRS 335), em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas a produtividade, a percentagem e a qualidade das fibras do algodoeiro. Houve diferença significativa para as características avaliadas entre as cultivares e as lâminas de irrigação. A rega com déficit (70 e 40% ETc) ocasionou declínio na produtividade de algodão em caroço, na percentagem e qualidade das fibras. As cultivares FiberMax 993 e BRS 286 apresentaram as maiores produtividades e percentagem de fibras entre as cultivares avaliadas. Com a lâmina de 40% da ETc as cultivares de fibra média (FiberMax 993, BRS 286 e BRS 335) apresentaram fibras curtas, e a cultivar de fibra longa (BRS 336) apresentou fibra média. De forma geral, a redução na qualidade da fibra não foi severa, haja vista a fibra produzida está dentro da faixa de qualidade aceitável pela indústria têxtil nacional, mesmo em condições de déficit hídrico. Dessa forma, a decisão em irrigar o algodoeiro com ou sem déficit hídrico dependerá dos custos da irrigação e do valor de mercado do produto. | ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate seed cotton yield, fiber yield, and fiber quality traits of cotton cultivars grown under different irrigation levels in Brazil. The experiment was conducted over two years in the region of Apodi - RN, with sprinkler irrigation. Treatments comprised of 4 irrigation levels i.e., 130, 100, 70 and 40 % of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and 4 cotton cultivars i.e., FiberMax 993, BRS 286, BRS 336 and BRS 335. The experimental design was factorial with randomized complete block design and four replicates. Yield, lint percent and fiber quality traits determined were evaluated. Different responses were observed for cultivars at various irrigation levels. Cultivars grown under limited irrigation exhibited a decline in the seed cotton yield, lint percent, and fiber quality. Cultivars with the highest yield and lint percent were FiberMax 993 and BRS 286. Within irrigation level of 40 % ETc, the medium fiber cultivars produced short fibers whereas the long fiber cultivar, BRS 336, produced medium fiber length. Overall, the different levels of water deficits did not significantly affect fiber quality of the four cultivars tested as all fiber quality traits remained acceptable for the domestic textile industry.

Several breeding programs aim to develop superior maize genotypes able to be explored in off-season cropping, mainly due to the increased area under maize produced in alternative season. Few hybrids on the market are adapted to the environmental conditions of autumn-winter. The objective of this study was to identify the inbred lines adapted to off-season condition, by the analysis of combining ability of 50 S3 maize inbred lines, developed by the Maringá State University. These inbred lines were crossed with two adapted hybrids (AG9040 and P30K75), used as testers. The male and female flowering time and also the grain yield (kg ha-1) adjusted for moisture (14,5%) and stand (65.000 plants) were evaluated in 3 locations of the western region of Paraná. The tester AG9040 presents itself as the best to contribute to high grain yields in their topcrosses. The line 30 had high general combining ability for yield in the three environments. The crossing line AG9040 x 49 obtained significant estimates of specific combining ability (SCA) for grain yield in Toledo and Palotina. Also, there is the crossing line AG9040 x 38 to obtain relevant SCA for yield and flowering Tupãssi in male and female. With the tester 30K75 mainly determined by the intersection with the line 27, so it is recommended that this inbred line can be used as tester lines from the commercial hybrid 30K75. With the tester AG9040 mainly determined by the intersection with the line 48, therefore, thes lines can be used as a new tester inbred lines derived from commercial hybrid AG9040.

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability using the indicative kriging method in pre- paring probability maps of the occurrence of soil chemical properties and productivity. Data were collected in a ground area planted with soybeans in a no - till system, with a regular grid sampling of 60 x 60 m, totaling 124 points. At each point were deformed soil samples collected to determine the chemical attributes (pH, Potassi- um, Calcium, Magnesium and Aluminum exchangeable, available phosphorus, zinc, potential acidity, soil or- ganic matter, cation exchange capacity and base saturation). To determine productivity were collected all the plants within 1 m ² of the sample point. Data were categorized into binary codes on the amounts presented in the recommendation for the use of lime and fertilizer. Later it used the geostatistical analysis and attributes potassi- um, phosphorus, magnesium and base saturation that presented spatial dependence underwent kriging as inter- polation technique. Occurrence probability maps were drawn of the evaluated attributes presented spatial de- pendence. The probabilistic maps showed that the central area evaluated was more likely to need correction to the levels of potassium attributes, phosphorus, magnesium and base saturation. From the analysis of the maps, you can detect nutrient deficient areas and making corrections and use of localized management techniques, minimizing operating costs and economic that culture.

Castor produces racemes primary, secondary, tertiary, among others, whose contributions to the overall productivity differ. In this context, the aim was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and to deter-mine the influence of the order of racemes and nutrient sources on yield of castor bean. Thus, under field con-ditions, in the municipality of Remigio, Paraíba State, an experiment with BRS Nordestina cultivar was carried out in randomized blocks design arranged in 5 (different sources of organic manure: without organic manure, compost, compost enriched with rock powders and manure and mineral complete) x 4 (orders of racemes pri-mary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) factorial experiment, with four replications. During the experiment, plant height and insertion of racemes were evaluated, length and number of racemes, early blooming and matu-ration of racemes. After harvesting, the following variables were determined: mass of racemes, number of grains per plant, yield, weight of hundred grains, length and width of the grains and the contribution of differ-ent orders of racemes in total yield. The growth of castor bean increased with the fertilizing, especially for or-ganic compounds. The first inflorescences were emitted in castor bean plants fertilized organically. The mass of racemes, the number of grains per plant and productivity were higher in racemes of secondary and tertiary orders. The length and width of the grains was higher in primary racemes. The highest yields were obtained with the use of organic sources.

The goal of this paper was to determine the effects of seven diets with differents fatty acids sources in hematology of Nile tilapia before and after cold stimulus. Seven diets, with 3% of fatty acid source, were formulated: soybean oil (OS); fish oil (OP); beef tallow (SB) and mixtures of OS+OP; OS+SB; OP+SB e OS+OP+SB. Fish (112 male of Nile tilapia of 30,0 ± 2,65g) were totally randomly distributed, with four repli-cates, into 28 plastic aquaria (40 L; 4 fish per aquarium). Fish were fed four times per day for 35 days. At 35th day and also after seven days cold stimulus blood was collected and the profile hematological was evaluated. Leucocytes numbers were reduced in fish fed a SB and fish oil combination diet and were highest in fish fed SB diet before cold stimulus. Plasma protein was reduced in fish fed soybean oil diets and highest in fishes fed a combination of soybean oil, fish oil and SB diets. Anything fatty acids source promotes effective changes in fish health and cold tolerance promotion. Cold don’t drastically reduced fish general health status.

The effect of the covered and conventional cultivation of grapevine (cv. Superior Seedless) on the aerial dispersion of pathogen inoculum and dynamic of diseases was investigated in two-year (2009 and 2010) and period similar to the year. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Embrapa semiarid. The traps were maintained at 0.5 meters above the canopy of the grapevine, and the samples taken every 24 hours with the exchange of slides 9:00 a.m. Greater dispersion of pathogens (Plasmopara viticola, Phakopsora euvitis, Alternaria alternata) and intensity of diseases (downy mildew, rust, and bacterial canker) were detected in grapevines under conventional cultivation. The aerial dispersal of the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae was similar under grapevine covered and uncovered.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and the adaptive profile of de 25 steers ¶ Angus x μ Nelore (RED) and 25 steers ´ Angus x ´ Nelore (NEL), during the milking and the fattening phas-es, in an intensive system, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The body weights, anterior and posterior high, as well as the thoracic perimeter, were monthly measured to evaluate the growth pattern. As adaptive responses were registered rectal temperature and hair coat traits. The statistical analyzes were based in the minimum square method, utilized mixed models. At the beginning of the trial both of genetic groups presented the same body weight (103,03kg) and from the second sampling on the animals RED were superior in comparison with the NEL and showed higher body weight at the weaning (181,60kg RED e 158,57kg NEL) and the 13th months. On the other hand, there was no difference between the genetic groups for the final weight (slaughter body weight). There were differences in all the performance characteristics analyzed. The RED group was superior in relation to the NEL group. The hair coat characteristics didn't differ between the genetic groups, except the hair coat length, which was higher in the RED animals. We concluded that both of genetic groups were adapted to tropical weather conditions, nevertheless, despite the better performance showed by the animals RED during the suckling and the fattening phases, the NEL animal may be indicated because of the similar slaughter body weight.

The development of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) has been evaluated under differ-ent levels of phosphorus on slopes of the right-side bank of the San Francisco River, in the municipality of Am-paro do São Francisco, SE. Techniques of soil bioengineering were used, characterized by the combination of vegetated riprap with stakes, seedlings of vetiver grass and sediment retainers. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five doses (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 g pit-1 of simple superphosphate) and five replicates. The growth of vetiver seedlings were observed in periods of 30, 60, 90, e 180 days, carrying out the following pa-rameters: number of roots, external root surface, root density, root length, root length density, root and shoot dry weight, root and shoot fresh weight, and shoot length, at each evaluation period. The phosphorus doses and periods of morphological development interacted in all variables of plant biomass mentioned above. Higher superphosphate doses than 9.0 g pit-1 did not offer advantages in terms of cost-benefit for the production of vetiver seedings.