The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of swine wastewater (SW), and its effect on the chemical attributes of soil and plants in a long-term experiment. The area was designed for an 8-year hay production, using Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.), with an average annual application of 360 m3 ha-1, divided into 6 applications. Also, soil chemical composition was evaluated at 0.0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m of depth, and the chemical composition of plant and vegetable materials on the ground were evaluated for two months (November and June). Concentrations of N, Ca, and Cu in SW did not decrease from the affluent to the storage lagoon. It was observed that the content of Cu, Zn, and Mn was classified as in excess in soil that could be a consequence of high levels of these micronutrients utilized in rations of swine in the SW supplier farm, mainly in the rations of piglets combined with a low extraction of these nutrients by plants. In relation to micronutrients and P (46.08 mg dm-3) in the soil, these should be evaluated in greater depth than performed in the present study, because the concentrations did not vary considerably among depths and were high. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were high in shoot plants with an average of 133.0 and 139.30 mg kg-1, respectively. The continuous use of SW should be monitored continuously through analyses of soil and waste, and alternatives must be researched to reduce the concentration of micronutrients and P in SW.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química da água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) e efeito nos atributos químicos do solo e planta em um experimento de longa duração. A área destina-se a 8 anos a produção de feno de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), com aplicação média anual de 360 m3 ha-1 dividida em 6 aplicações. Também se avaliou a composição química do solo em duas profundidades 0,0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade e a composição química da planta e material vegetal sobre o solo, avaliada em duas épocas do ano (novembro e junho). As concentrações de nitrogênio, cálcio e cobre da ARS não reduziram do afluente até a lagoa de armazenamento. Ressalta-se que os teores de Cu, Zn e Mn foram classificados como em excesso no solo, que pode ser consequência dos elevados níveis destes nutrientes na ração dos suínos na granja fornecedora da ARS, principalmente na ração de leitões aliado a baixa extração destes nutrientes pelas plantas. Com relação aos micronutrientes e o fósforo (46,08 mg dm-3) no solo estes deverão ser avaliados em profundidades maiores, superiores ao presente estudo em função das concentrações não variarem muito entre profundidades e se mostrarem elevadas. As concentrações de cobre e zinco foram elevadas na parte aérea das plantas com médias de 133,0 e 139,30 mg kg-1, respectivamente. O uso contínuo de ARS deverá ter monitoramento contínuo através de análises de solo e do dejeto e alternativas devem ser buscadas no sentido de reduzir a concentração de micronutrientes e fósforo na ARS. | ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of swine wastewater (SW), and its effect on the chemical attributes of soil and plants in a long-term experiment. The area was designed for an 8-year hay production, using Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.), with an average annual application of 360 m3 ha-1, divided into 6 applications. Also, soil chemical composition was evaluated at 0.0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m of depth, and the chemical composition of plant and vegetable materials on the ground were evaluated for two months (November and June). Concentrations of N, Ca, and Cu in SW did not decrease from the affluent to the storage lagoon. It was observed that the content of Cu, Zn, and Mn was classified as in excess in soil that could be a consequence of high levels of these micronutrients utilized in rations of swine in the SW supplier farm, mainly in the rations of piglets combined with a low extraction of these nutrients by plants. In relation to micronutrients and P (46.08 mg dm-3) in the soil, these should be evaluated in greater depth than performed in the present study, because the concentrations did not vary considerably among depths and were high. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were high in shoot plants with an average of 133.0 and 139.30 mg kg-1, respectively. The continuous use of SW should be monitored continuously through analyses of soil and waste, and alternatives must be researched to reduce the concentration of micronutrients and P in SW.

The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate ratio of methionine plus cystine to lysine in rations for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles, with initial weights of 0.28 ± 0.08 g and 0.94 ± 0.33 g. A randomized block design consisting of six treatments, five replicates in two blocks, and 20 fish per replicate was implemented. Six isolisinic (1.45%), isoenergetic, isophosphoric, and isocalcic diets, containing different ratios of methionine plus cystine to digestible lysine (50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and 75%) were used. Performance and feed efficiency variables, including body composition (moisture, protein, and fat), daily protein deposition rate, daily fat deposition rate, and nitrogen retention efficiency, were evaluated. The specific growth rate and feed conversion presented quadratic effects, with maximum effects from the digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio of 64.4% and 64.8%, respectively. The increase in digestible methionine plus cystine intake resulted in a linear reduction in body fat content with the elevation of the digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio. The digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio recommended in rations for tambaqui fingerlings is 64.8%.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar a relação da metionina mais cistina com a lisina em rações para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Utilizou-se 600 juvenis de tambaqui com pesos iniciais de 0,28 ± 0,08 g e 0,94 ± 0,33 g em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições em dois blocos, e vinte peixes por repetição, durante 45 dias. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de seis rações isolisínicas digestíveis (1,45%), isoenergéticas, isofosfóricas e isocálcicas, contendo diferentes relações de metionina mais cistina com a lisina digestível (50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% e 75%). Avaliaram-se variáveis de desempenho e eficiência alimentar, composição corporal (umidade, proteína e gordura), deposições diárias de proteína e gordura corporais e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio. A taxa de crescimento específico e a conversão alimentar apresentaram efeitos quadráticos, com efeitos máximos na relação metionina mais cistina:lisina digestível de 64,4% e 64,8%, respectivamente. O aumento no consumo de metionina mais cistina digestível proporcionou redução linear no teor de gordura corporal com a elevação da relação metionina mais cistina:lisina digestível. As demais variáveis não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A relação metionina mais cistina com a lisina digestível recomendada nas rações para juvenis de tambaqui é de 64,8%. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate ratio of methionine plus cystine to lysine in rations for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles, with initial weights of 0.28 ± 0.08 g and 0.94 ± 0.33 g. A randomized block design consisting of six treatments, five replicates in two blocks, and 20 fish per replicate was implemented. Six isolisinic (1.45%), isoenergetic, isophosphoric, and isocalcic diets, containing different ratios of methionine plus cystine to digestible lysine (50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and 75%) were used. Performance and feed efficiency variables, including body composition (moisture, protein, and fat), daily protein deposition rate, daily fat deposition rate, and nitrogen retention efficiency, were evaluated. The specific growth rate and feed conversion presented quadratic effects, with maximum effects from the digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio of 64.4% and 64.8%, respectively. The increase in digestible methionine plus cystine intake resulted in a linear reduction in body fat content with the elevation of the digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio. The digestible methionine plus cystine to lysine ratio recommended in rations for tambaqui fingerlings is 64.8%.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions on the physiological and sanitary quality and oil content of castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds. Seeds of castor bean plants of the Guarani, and IAC-80 cultivars were stored in two environments (cold room, and room conditions), using three package types (multifoliate Kraft paper bag, and polyethylene bag, and polyethylene bag with vacuum at 1 atm). In addition, another storage condition was evaluated: cryopreservation (-196 °C) in foil paper bags. Seed quality was evaluated before storage and at 4, 8, and 12 months after storage by testing their 7-day and 14-day germination, emergence, health, water content, and oil content. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with 7×4 factorial arrangement consisting of seven storage conditions and four evaluation times. Cryopreservation is the ideal condition for maintaining the seed physiological quality of the Ricinus communis cultivars used throughout storage. The oil content of the R. communis seeds decreases, and the incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. fungi increases throughout storage, regardless of the storage conditions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions on the physiological and sanitary quality and oil content of castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds. Seeds of castor bean plants of the Guarani, and IAC-80 cultivars were stored in two environments (cold room, and room conditions), using three package types (multifoliate Kraft paper bag, and polyethylene bag, and polyethylene bag with vacuum at 1 atm). In addition, another storage condition was evaluated: cryopreservation (-196 °C) in foil paper bags. Seed quality was evaluated before storage and at 4, 8, and 12 months after storage by testing their 7-day and 14-day germination, emergence, health, water content, and oil content. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with 7×4 factorial arrangement consisting of seven storage conditions and four evaluation times. Cryopreservation is the ideal condition for maintaining the seed physiological quality of the Ricinus communis cultivars used throughout storage. The oil content of the R. communis seeds decreases, and the incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. fungi increases throughout storage, regardless of the storage conditions. | RESUMO Para investigar se diferentes condições de armazenamento interferem no potencial fisiológico, sanitário e no teor de óleo de sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis) foram utilizadas sementes de duas cultivares, Guarani e IAC-80, armazenadas em dois ambientes (câmara fria e armazém convencional) em duas embalagens (saco de papel Kraft multifoliado e saco plástico - com e sem acondicionamento a vácuo a 1 atm). Testou-se ainda outro tipo de acondicionamento, utilizando-se papel aluminizado para criopreservação das sementes (-196 °C). A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada antes do armazenamento e após 4, 8 e 12 meses por meio dos testes de geminação (contagem aos 7 e 14 dias), emergência, sanidade, teor de água e teor de óleo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 7x4, sendo sete condições de armazenamento e quatro épocas. A criopreservação (-196 °C) é a condição ideal para manutenção do potencial fisiológico de sementes de Ricinus communis, cultivares IAC-80 e Guarani, ao longo do armazenamento. Independente das condições de armazenamento de sementes de R. communis, o teor de óleo decresce e a incidência dos fungos Aspergillus spp. e Fusarium spp. aumenta ao longo do armazenamento.

The number of studies on plant compounds with insecticidal activity has increased in recent years, and one of the primary targets of these compounds is leaf-cutter ants, which are considered the most important pests in Brazilian plantations, especially ants of the genus Atta. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic activity of the crude extract and fractions of the leaves of Esenbeckia pumila Pohl (Rutaceae) on Artemia salina and Atta sexdens rubropilosa and to perform a phytochemical study of this plant species. The toxicity of the extract and fractions was evaluated by determining the mean lethal concentration (LC50) on A. salina. The insecticidal activity was evaluated by feeding the ants an artificial diet containing the crude extract or fractions, and the results were analyzed using the log-rank test. The substances were isolated by chromatography, and the molecular structure was determined by spectroscopy. In the bioassay with A. salina, the ethanol extract and dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were highly toxic. The analysis of survival curves indicated that the mortality rate of A. sexdens rubropilosa workers fed different fractions was higher than that of ants fed the control diet, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, with a mean survival time of 3 days and cumulative mortality of 100% on day 21 (p<0.05). The phytochemical study of this plant species allowed isolating the flavonoid rutin and a mixture of the triterpenes α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol. These results suggest the insecticidal potential of E. pumila on Atta sexdens rubropilosa.

ABSTRACT The number of studies on plant compounds with insecticidal activity has increased in recent years, and one of the primary targets of these compounds is leaf-cutter ants, which are considered the most important pests in Brazilian plantations, especially ants of the genus Atta. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic activity of the crude extract and fractions of the leaves of Esenbeckia pumila Pohl (Rutaceae) on Artemia salina and Atta sexdens rubropilosa and to perform a phytochemical study of this plant species. The toxicity of the extract and fractions was evaluated by determining the mean lethal concentration (LC50) on A. salina. The insecticidal activity was evaluated by feeding the ants an artificial diet containing the crude extract or fractions, and the results were analyzed using the log-rank test. The substances were isolated by chromatography, and the molecular structure was determined by spectroscopy. In the bioassay with A. salina, the ethanol extract and dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were highly toxic. The analysis of survival curves indicated that the mortality rate of A. sexdens rubropilosa workers fed different fractions was higher than that of ants fed the control diet, especially the ethyl acetate fraction, with a mean survival time of 3 days and cumulative mortality of 100% on day 21 (p<0.05). The phytochemical study of this plant species allowed isolating the flavonoid rutin and a mixture of the triterpenes α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol. These results suggest the insecticidal potential of E. pumila on Atta sexdens rubropilosa. | RESUMO A avaliação de moléculas com atividade inseticida provenientes de plantas que apresentam atividade tóxica ou repelente cresceu nos últimos anos, tendo como um dos principais alvos de estudo as formigas cortadeiras, consideradas as principais pragas das plantações brasileiras, especialmente do gênero Atta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial tóxico e inseticida do extrato bruto e frações das folhas de Esenbeckia pumila Pohl (Rutaceae) sobre Artemia salina e Atta sexdens rubropilosa e realizar o estudo fitoquímico daquela espécie. A avaliação da toxicidade do extrato e das frações foi realizada em bioensaio com A. salina determinando-se CL50 (Concentração Letal Média). A atividade inseticida foi avaliada pela ingestão do extrato e das frações incorporados a dieta artificial e os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente através do teste log rank. O isolamento de substâncias foi realizado por métodos cromatográficos e as estruturas determinadas pela análise de dados espectroscópicos. No bioensaio contra A. salina, o extrato etanólico e as frações diclorometânica e acetato-etílica se mostraram altamente tóxicas. A análise estatística das curvas de sobrevivência revelou taxas de mortalidade significativas de operárias de A. sexdens rubropilosa quando comparadas à dieta controle, com destaque para a fração acetato-etílica que apresentou sobrevivência mediana (Md) no 3o dia e mortalidade de 100% no 21o dia (p < 0,05). O estudo fitoquímico da espécie levou ao isolamento do flavanoide rutina e de uma mistura dos triterpenos α-amirina, β-amirina e lupeol. Esses resultados sugerem o potencial inseticida de E. pumila sobre Atta sexdens rubropilosa.

The accumulation and transformation of organic matter in the soil are fundamental for the maintenance and improvement of the chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the soil, and consequently, for the tropical forests functioning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of secondary forests with different successional stages on soil organic matter, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and soil fertility. Three areas of seasonal semideciduous forest, located in Pinheiral - RJ, with different successional stages were selected: initial stage forest - ISF, medium stage forest - MSF, and advanced stage forest - ASF. The values of total carbon and nitrogen, C and N stocks, δ13C (‰) isotope, chemical and granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter, and soil fertility were determined. Based on the values of δ 13C (‰), it was verified that most of the soil carbon of the different successional stages comes from forest species (C3 plants). The areas with the highest succession time (MSF and ASF) possess higher levels of carbon and nitrogen contents and stocks, and carbon associated with minerals compared to ISF. In addition, ASF showed increased phosphorus, fulvic acid, humic acid, whereas soil density exhibited reduced values when compared to that of other areas. The MSF showed, in general, greater fertility of the soil. This study emphasizes the importance of secondary forests that, even in the initial stages of succession, have great potential to store and stabilize organic carbon in the soil.

ABSTRACT The accumulation and transformation of organic matter in the soil are fundamental for the maintenance and improvement of the chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the soil, and consequently, for the tropical forests functioning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of secondary forests with different successional stages on soil organic matter, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and soil fertility. Three areas of seasonal semideciduous forest, located in Pinheiral - RJ, with different successional stages were selected: initial stage forest - ISF, medium stage forest - MSF, and advanced stage forest - ASF. The values of total carbon and nitrogen, C and N stocks, δ13C (‰) isotope, chemical and granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter, and soil fertility were determined. Based on the values of δ 13C (‰), it was verified that most of the soil carbon of the different successional stages comes from forest species (C3 plants). The areas with the highest succession time (MSF and ASF) possess higher levels of carbon and nitrogen contents and stocks, and carbon associated with minerals compared to ISF. In addition, ASF showed increased phosphorus, fulvic acid, humic acid, whereas soil density exhibited reduced values when compared to that of other areas. The MSF showed, in general, greater fertility of the soil. This study emphasizes the importance of secondary forests that, even in the initial stages of succession, have great potential to store and stabilize organic carbon in the soil. | RESUMO O acúmulo e as transformações da matéria orgânica do solo são fundamentais para a manutenção e melhoria dos atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo, e, consequentemente, para o funcionamento das florestas tropicais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de florestas secundárias com diferentes estádios sucessionais na matéria orgânica do solo, nos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e na fertilidade do solo. Foram selecionadas três áreas de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, com diferentes estádios sucessionais, sendo estas: floresta em estádio inicial - FEI, floresta em estádio médio - MSF e floresta em estádio avançado - FEA, localizadas em Pinheiral, RJ. Foram determinados os valores de carbono e nitrogênio total, estoques de C e nitrogênio, isótopo δ13C (%°), fracionamento químico e granulométrico da matéria orgânica do solo e fertilidade do solo. Por meio dos valores do isótopo δ13C (%°) verificou-se que a maior parte do carbono do solo dos diferentes estádios sucessionais é oriunda das espécies florestais (plantas C3). As áreas com maior tempo de sucessão (FEM e FEA) promoveram maiores teores e estoques de carbono e nitrogênio, e carbono associado aos minerais em comparação à ISF. Adicionalmente, na FEA observaram-se aumentos dos teores de fósforo, ácido fúlvico, ácido húmico e redução dos valores de densidade do solo quando comparada as demais áreas. A FEM apresentou, de maneira geral, maior fertilidade do solo. Este estudo destaca a importância das florestas secundárias que, mesmo em fases iniciais de sucessão, possuem grande potencial em estocar e estabilizar carbono orgânico no solo.

The efficiency of biological products combined with biological fertilization for controlling Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean crops, and effects of these treatments on soybean crops were evaluate. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Mato Grosso State University, in Brazil, using a randomized block design with a 10×2 factorial arrangement, and four replications. The treatments consisted of Trichoderma asperellum, B. subtilis, Purpureocillium lilacinum, B. subtilis + T. asperellum, B. subtilis + P. lilacinum, T. asperellum + P. lilacinum, B. subtilis + T. asperellum + P. lilacinum and abamectin, and Controls with, and without nematodes. Nematode population, plant height, stem base diameter, and soil microbiological characteristics (at 60 and 120 days after sowing - DAS), shoot dry weight (60 DAS), and number of pods per plant, and grain yield (120 DAS) were evaluated. The treatments were efficient for the control of phytonematodes at 60 DAS; the efficiency of treatments with biological products increased when combined with biological fertilization. The biological products were more efficient for controlling the nematodes than abamectin at 120 DAS; and the percentage of control were higher when they were combined with biological fertilization, in both growing periods. The biological treatments resulted in better agronomic characteristics, and higher number of pods per plant, and grain yield, affecting the plants in the first growing period, and significant interaction with the biological fertilizer for these variables in the second growing period. The interaction between treatments and biological fertilization was significant for soil microbiological characteristics in the second growing period.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de produtos biológicos associados à adubação biológica no biocontrole de Pratylenchus brachyurus na cultura da soja, além do impacto destestratamentos sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na UNEMAT, Campus de Tangará da Serra, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, esquema fatorial 10X2, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: testemunha com e sem nematoides, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis, Purpureocillium lilacinum, B. subtilis+ T. asperellum, B. subtilis+ P. lilacinum, T. asperellum+ P. lilacinum, B. subtilis+ T. asperellum+ P. lilacinum e abamectina. Avaliou-se o nível populacional de P. brachyurus, altura, diâmetro do colo das plantas e características microbiológicas do solo aos 60 e 120 DAS; massa seca da parte aérea aos 60 DAS; número de vagens/planta e produtividade aos 120 DAS. Observou-se que aos 60 DAS os tratamentos promoveram eficiência no controle do fitonematoides, quando associados a adubação biológica somente os tratamentos biológicos melhoraram sua eficiência. Aos 120 DAS os produtos biológicos apresentaram maior eficiência no controle de P. brachyurus que a abamectina, aumentando sua eficiência quando adicionada a adubação biológica (nas duas épocas de semeadura). As características agronômicas, número de vagens/planta e produtividade submetidas aos tratamentos biológicos apresentaram melhor desempenho, havendo interação significativa entre tais tratamentos na primeira época de semeadura e interação com à aplicação do adubo biológico para estas variedades nas segunda época de semeadura. Com relação ás características microbiológicas do solo, houve interação entre os tratamentos somente com a aplicação da adubação biológica na segunda época de semeadura. | ABSTRACT The efficiency of biological products combined with biological fertilization for controlling Pratylenchus brachyurus in soybean crops, and effects of these treatments on soybean crops were evaluate. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Mato Grosso State University, in Brazil, using a randomized block design with a 10×2 factorial arrangement, and four replications. The treatments consisted of Trichoderma asperellum, B. subtilis, Purpureocillium lilacinum, B. subtilis + T. asperellum, B. subtilis + P. lilacinum, T. asperellum + P. lilacinum, B. subtilis + T. asperellum + P. lilacinum and abamectin, and Controls with, and without nematodes. Nematode population, plant height, stem base diameter, and soil microbiological characteristics (at 60 and 120 days after sowing - DAS), shoot dry weight (60 DAS), and number of pods per plant, and grain yield (120 DAS) were evaluated. The treatments were efficient for the control of phytonematodes at 60 DAS; the efficiency of treatments with biological products increased when combined with biological fertilization. The biological products were more efficient for controlling the nematodes than abamectin at 120 DAS; and the percentage of control were higher when they were combined with biological fertilization, in both growing periods. The biological treatments resulted in better agronomic characteristics, and higher number of pods per plant, and grain yield, affecting the plants in the first growing period, and significant interaction with the biological fertilizer for these variables in the second growing period. The interaction between treatments and biological fertilization was significant for soil microbiological characteristics in the second growing period.

Evaluating spatial variability of hydraulic properties and salinity of soils is important for an adequate agricultural management of alluvial soils, and protection of riparian vegetation. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of geophysical techniques for indirect measurements of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), using an electromagnetic induction equipment (EM38®), and soil physical hydraulic parameters and their spatial interrelations. The study was carried out at the Advanced Research Unit of the UFRPE, in the Brígida River Basin, in Panamirim, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in the second half of 2016. This river had a 100 m wide riparian forest strip transversely to the river bank on both sides of the river. A regular 20×10 m grid with 80 points was used to evaluate the soil hydraulic conductivity and ECa. The geostatistics showed the spatial dependence and the dependence of the soil attributes, their spatialization, and precise mapping through indirect readings. Most of the variability (86%) in soil electrical conductivity was explained by indirect readings using the EM38®. Ranges of 80 m, 380 m, and 134 m were found for soil moisture, ECa, and hydraulic conductivity, respectively, presenting strong spatial dependence. The results showed the importance of riparian forests to the maintenance of soil moisture and porosity to the improvement of soil water infiltration capacity even under severe water deficit conditions and soil subsurface layers.

ABSTRACT Evaluating spatial variability of hydraulic properties and salinity of soils is important for an adequate agricultural management of alluvial soils, and protection of riparian vegetation. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of geophysical techniques for indirect measurements of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), using an electromagnetic induction equipment (EM38®), and soil physical hydraulic parameters and their spatial interrelations. The study was carried out at the Advanced Research Unit of the UFRPE, in the Brígida River Basin, in Panamirim, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in the second half of 2016. This river had a 100 m wide riparian forest strip transversely to the river bank on both sides of the river. A regular 20×10 m grid with 80 points was used to evaluate the soil hydraulic conductivity and ECa. The geostatistics showed the spatial dependence and the dependence of the soil attributes, their spatialization, and precise mapping through indirect readings. Most of the variability (86%) in soil electrical conductivity was explained by indirect readings using the EM38®. Ranges of 80 m, 380 m, and 134 m were found for soil moisture, ECa, and hydraulic conductivity, respectively, presenting strong spatial dependence. The results showed the importance of riparian forests to the maintenance of soil moisture and porosity to the improvement of soil water infiltration capacity even under severe water deficit conditions and soil subsurface layers. | RESUMO A caracterização da estrutura de variabilidade espacial de propriedades hidráulicas e da salinidade do solo é de grande importância para um adequado manejo agrícola de vales aluviais e para proteção da vegetação ciliar. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a verificação da precisão de medições indiretas da condutividade elétrica aparente (CEa) utilizando o EM38®, bem como de parâmetros físico-hídricos do solo, e suas inter-relações espaciais. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Unidade Avançada de Pesquisa da UFRPE, localizada na Bacia do Rio Brígida, município de Panamirim-PE, no período do segundo semestre de 2016, possuindo uma faixa de mata ciliar de 100 m de largura, transversalmente a cada margem do rio. Adotou-se uma área com malha regular 20 x 10 m, totalizando 80 pontos, onde foram feitas avaliações da condutividade hidráulica e a calibração da CEa. A utilização da geoestatística permitiu identificar a dependência espacial e a dependência de todos atributos estudados, possibilitando sua espacialização e a utilização das leituras indiretas no mapeamento de precisão. Verificou-se que 86% da variabilidade da condutividade elétrica do solo pode ser explicada pelas leituras indiretas com o equipamento de indução eletromagnética (EM38®). Os valores de alcance foram de 80 m, 380 m e 134 m foram obtidas para a umidade do solo, CEa e condutividade hidráulica, respectivamente, as quais apresentaram forte dependência espacial. Verificou-se a relevância da mata ciliar na manutenção de umidade e porosidade do solo e, principalmente, contribuição para uma maior capacidade de infiltração do solo, mesmo para condições severas de escassez, e para as camadas sub-superficiais do mesmo.

Monosporascus root rot and vine decline (MRRVD) is an important disease in the melon crop in Brazil. In our research, we evaluated the reaction of 45 melon genotypes to M. cannonballus in two successive cropping seasons in a greenhouse. Melon seedlings were transplanted into naturally infested soil. The evaluation of the genotypes was performed after 55 days, using a score scale to group each genotype into one of five classes and to calculate the disease severity index. None of the genotypes showed an immune reaction to M. cannonballus, regardless of the season. In the first cycle, only 28.9% ('AF 464', 'Auraprince', 'DRG 2278', 'Estoril', 'Guaporé', 'Kousto', 'Mabel', 'Magisto', 'Massaï', 'Nectar', '8530', 'RZ 34130' and 'RZ 34292') had a similar reaction to the high resistance to the MRRVD. Most genotypes (66.7%) behaved as moderately resistant while 4.4% were susceptible and none were highly susceptible. Conversely, in the second cycle, no genotype showed a reaction similar to high resistance while 42.2% behaved as moderately resistant, 48.9% as susceptible, and 8.9% as highly susceptible. The severity levels ranged from 7.5 to 60% and 27.5 to 92.5% for the first and second cycles, respectively. The genotypes 'DRG 2278', 'Estoril', 'Guaporé', 'Kousto', 'Mabel', 'Massaï', 'RZ 34130' and 'RZ 34292' were identified as highly resistant and moderately resistant in the first and second cycles of cultivation, respectively. Therefore, these genotypes are promising sources of resistance to M. cannonballus and should be preferred in commercial fields infested with the pathogen.

ABSTRACT Monosporascus root rot and vine decline (MRRVD) is an important disease in the melon crop in Brazil. In our research, we evaluated the reaction of 45 melon genotypes to M. cannonballus in two successive cropping seasons in a greenhouse. Melon seedlings were transplanted into naturally infested soil. The evaluation of the genotypes was performed after 55 days, using a score scale to group each genotype into one of five classes and to calculate the disease severity index. None of the genotypes showed an immune reaction to M. cannonballus, regardless of the season. In the first cycle, only 28.9% ('AF 464', 'Auraprince', 'DRG 2278', 'Estoril', 'Guaporé', 'Kousto', 'Mabel', 'Magisto', 'Massaï', 'Nectar', '8530', 'RZ 34130' and 'RZ 34292') had a similar reaction to the high resistance to the MRRVD. Most genotypes (66.7%) behaved as moderately resistant while 4.4% were susceptible and none were highly susceptible. Conversely, in the second cycle, no genotype showed a reaction similar to high resistance while 42.2% behaved as moderately resistant, 48.9% as susceptible, and 8.9% as highly susceptible. The severity levels ranged from 7.5 to 60% and 27.5 to 92.5% for the first and second cycles, respectively. The genotypes 'DRG 2278', 'Estoril', 'Guaporé', 'Kousto', 'Mabel', 'Massaï', 'RZ 34130' and 'RZ 34292' were identified as highly resistant and moderately resistant in the first and second cycles of cultivation, respectively. Therefore, these genotypes are promising sources of resistance to M. cannonballus and should be preferred in commercial fields infested with the pathogen. | RESUMO A Podridão de raízes por Monosporascus e declínio de ramas (PRMDR) é uma importante doença em meloeiro no Brasil. Nesta pesquisa, foi analisada a reação de 45 genótipos de meloeiro a M. cannonballus em dois ciclos de cultivo sucessivos em casa de vegetação. Mudas de meloeiro foram transplantadas em solo naturalmente infestado. A avaliação dos genótipos foi realizada após 55 dias, com o auxílio de escala de notas para agrupamento de cada genótipo em cinco classes e cálculo do índice de severidade da doença. Nenhum dos genótipos apresentou reação de imunidade a M. cannonballus. No primeiro ciclo de cultivo, somente 28,9% (‘AF 464’, ‘Auraprince’, ‘DRG 2278’, ‘Estoril’, ‘Guaporé’, ‘Kousto’, ‘Mabel’, ‘Magisto’, ‘Massaï’, ‘Néctar’, ‘8530’, ‘RZ 34130’ e ‘RZ 34292’) apresentaram reação semelhante à alta resistência a PRMDR. A maioria dos genótipos (66,7%) se comportou como medianamente resistente, enquanto 4,4% como suscetível e nenhum como altamente suscetível. No segundo ciclo de cultivo, nenhum genótipo apresentou reação semelhante à alta resistência, enquanto 42,2% se comportaram como medianamente resistentes, 48,9% como suscetíveis e 8,9% como altamente suscetíveis. Os níveis de severidade variaram entre 7,5 a 60% para o primeiro ciclo de cultivo e entre 27,5 a 92,5% para o segundo ciclo. Os genótipos ‘DRG 2278’, ‘Estoril’, ‘Guaporé’, ‘Kousto’, ‘Mabel’, ‘Massaï’, ‘RZ 34130’ e ‘RZ 34292’ foram identificadas como altamente resistentes e medianamente resistentes, no primeiro e segundo ciclos de cultivo, respectivamente. Estes genótipos constituem fontes promissoras de resistência a M. cannonballus e devem ser preferidos em campos comerciais infestados pelo patógeno.

Many watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) diseases are caused by soilborne pathogens in Brazil and worldwide. The goal of this study was to identify and quantify the frequency of phytopathogenic fungi associated with watermelon root rot and vine decline that were also present in the roots of weeds in the major watermelon production regions in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. We collected root samples from 10 of the most prevalent weed species in 16 watermelon producing areas. The plants were identified and their frequencies in the fields were calculated. The fungi found in the weed roots were isolated and the main genera associated with watermelon vine decline were identified. We identified 13 weed species belonging to nine botanical families. The weed species with the highest frequencies found in the field were Amaranthus spinosus (25.0%), Trianthema portulacastrum (18.8%), Commelina sp. (18.8%), and Boerhavia diffusa (12.5%). The fungi Macrophomina, Rhizoctonia, and Monosporascus were isolated from the roots of the weed plants. While Macrophomina was isolated from 12 different types of plants, Rhizoctonia and Monosporascus were isolated from four and two different plant species, respectively.

RESUMO Considerável número de doenças que acometem a melancia (Citrullus lanatus) são causadas por patógenos habitantes do solo no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a frequência de fungos fitopatógenos associados a "podridão de raízes e declínio de ramas" em melancia, presentes nas raízes de plantas daninhas nas principais áreas produtoras no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de raízes de espécies de plantas daninhas de maior prevalência em 16 áreas produtoras de melancia. As plantas foram identificadas e, calculada a respectiva frequência em campo. Foi realizado o isolamento fúngico das raízes, sendo posteriormente identificados os principais fungos associados ao declínio de ramas. Foram identificadas 13 espécies de plantas daninhas, pertencentes a nove famílias botânicas. As espécies de plantas daninhas que apresentaram as maiores frequências em campo foram Amaranthus spinosus (25,0%), Trianthema portulacastrum (18,8%), Commelina sp. (18,8%) e Boerhavia diffusa (12,5%). Das raízes das plantas daninhas que apresentaram maior frequência foram isolados os gêneros Macrophomina, Rhizoctonia e Monosporascus. O primeiro foi isolado de 12 espécies de plantas, o segundo de quatro espécies e o terceiro de duas espécies. | ABSTRACT Many watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) diseases are caused by soilborne pathogens in Brazil and worldwide. The goal of this study was to identify and quantify the frequency of phytopathogenic fungi associated with watermelon root rot and vine decline that were also present in the roots of weeds in the major watermelon production regions in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. We collected root samples from 10 of the most prevalent weed species in 16 watermelon producing areas. The plants were identified and their frequencies in the fields were calculated. The fungi found in the weed roots were isolated and the main genera associated with watermelon vine decline were identified. We identified 13 weed species belonging to nine botanical families. The weed species with the highest frequencies found in the field were Amaranthus spinosus (25.0%), Trianthema portulacastrum (18.8%), Commelina sp. (18.8%), and Boerhavia diffusa (12.5%). The fungi Macrophomina, Rhizoctonia, and Monosporascus were isolated from the roots of the weed plants. While Macrophomina was isolated from 12 different types of plants, Rhizoctonia and Monosporascus were isolated from four and two different plant species, respectively.

The presence of microorganisms, especially during storage, can lead to the rapid deterioration of macauba fruits (Acrocomia aculeata) and reduce the quality of extracted oil for biodiesel production. An alternative to ensure the quality of the oil is the use of ozone gas, a oxidizing agent that has high antimicrobial and sanitizing power. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of high concentrations of ozone gas on macaúba fruit and its effect on the quality of the oil throughout storage for the production of biodiesel. Ozonation was performed 20 days after harvest using fruits with and without the epicarp. Ozone was applied at a concentration of 18.0 mg L-1 and a flow of 1.5 L min-1 for 10 h. After ozonation, the fruits were stored for different periods, and the physical-chemical parameters of the oil were evaluated. The ozonation of fruits without the epicarp visually reduced microorganism attack. In general, the ozonation process of macauba fruits maintained the visual characteristics of the fruits and the physical-chemical characteristics of the oil for biodiesel production compared to untreated fruits. The average acidity values of the oil were lower in the treatments with the ozone gas. Removal of the epicarp tends to facilitate the ozonation process, potentially by improving gas penetration into the fruit.

RESUMO A presença de micro-organismo, especialmente durante o armazenamento, pode levar à deterioração rápida dos frutos de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) e reduzir a qualidade do óleo extraído para a produção de biodiesel. Uma alternativa para garantir a qualidade do óleo é o uso de gás ozônio, um poderoso agente oxidante que possui alto poder antimicrobiano e sanitizante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do ozônio gasoso em alta concentração (18,0 mg L-1) em frutos de macaúba (com e sem epicarpo) e seu efeito sobre a qualidade do óleo durante todo o armazenamento para a produção de biodiesel. A ozonização foi realizada 20 dias após a colheita, utilizando frutas com e sem epicarpo. O ozônio foi aplicado na concentração de 18,0 mg L-1 e fluxo de 1,5 L min-1 durante 10 h. Após a ozonização, os frutos foram armazenados por diferentes períodos e foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos do óleo. A ozonização de frutos sem epicarpo reduziu visualmente o ataque de micro-organismos. Em geral, o processo de ozonização de frutos de macauba manteve as características visuais dos frutos e físico-químicas do óleo para produção de biodiesel em relação ao controle não tratado. Os valores médios de acidez do óleo foram menores nos tratamentos com o gás ozônio. A remoção do epicarpo tende a facilitar o processo de ozonização, já que a retirada pode facilitar a penetração do gás no fruto. | ABSTRACT The presence of microorganisms, especially during storage, can lead to the rapid deterioration of macauba fruits (Acrocomia aculeata) and reduce the quality of extracted oil for biodiesel production. An alternative to ensure the quality of the oil is the use of ozone gas, a oxidizing agent that has high antimicrobial and sanitizing power. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of high concentrations of ozone gas on macaúba fruit and its effect on the quality of the oil throughout storage for the production of biodiesel. Ozonation was performed 20 days after harvest using fruits with and without the epicarp. Ozone was applied at a concentration of 18.0 mg L-1 and a flow of 1.5 L min-1 for 10 h. After ozonation, the fruits were stored for different periods, and the physical-chemical parameters of the oil were evaluated. The ozonation of fruits without the epicarp visually reduced microorganism attack. In general, the ozonation process of macauba fruits maintained the visual characteristics of the fruits and the physical-chemical characteristics of the oil for biodiesel production compared to untreated fruits. The average acidity values of the oil were lower in the treatments with the ozone gas. Removal of the epicarp tends to facilitate the ozonation process, potentially by improving gas penetration into the fruit.