The aim of this paper was to determine resistance types of snap beans genotypes under infestation of bruchins Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) in a no choice and free choice tests. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four and five replications, respectively. In no choice test, it was evaluated the total number of viable and unviable eggs, dry weight of the consumed food, percentage of emerged insects, weight of insects, longevity of adults and biological cycle of egg to adult. In a free choice test, the number of attracted insects for each genotype and total number of eggs were evaluated. The genotype ARFVI047 presents oviposition non-preference resistance type to Z. subfasciatus. The genotype ARFVI008 presents resistance type of the antibiosis to Z. subfasciatus. The genotypes ARFVI006, ARFVI008 and ARFVI029 present resistance of non-preference for oviposition type to Z. subfasciatus and the genotype HAV 56 black seed presents resistance of non-preference type for feeding of A. obtectus.

The spreading of umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda Câmara) occurs sexual and asexual forms, with little information about the propagation by cuttings. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA), length and timing of collection of propagules in propagating of umbuzeiro. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 5 (IBA concentrations: 0, 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000 mg.L-1) x 2 (length of cuttings: 10 and 20 cm) x 2 (times of collection of cuttings: march and september) with three replications of twenty cuttings per experimental unit. The cuttings were immersed in IBA solution for the time of 10 seconds and placed in polyethylene bags containing substrate composed of sand, clay and vermicompost (3:1:1 v / v), which were packed and kept for 90 days under nursery, mesh that allowed the passage of 25% brightness. After this period the following variables were analyzed: percentage of rooted cuttings and shoots, number average root cuttings, and the mass of the fresh matter roots and shoots. The most rooting percentage was obtained in the stakes of umbuzeiro 20 cm inlength treated with IBA (6000 mg.L-1), planted in march. The smallest roots of umbuzeiro in September was probably because the plant was starting the process of flowering.

This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicides on the biomass and nodulation ofcowpea. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in experimental design with randomized blocks, in factorial arrangement 4x2 + 2, corresponding applications of the herbicide bentazon, clethodim, fomesafen and smetolachlor, the recommended dose (RD) and recommended twice (RDA) in four periods of development of cowpea (20, 30, 45 and 55 days after planting, DAP). An inoculated control treatment without herbicide application and a control without inoculation, no application of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer were included. Inoculation was performed with the strains INPA UFLA 03-11B and 03-84. The results showed for the experiment in a greenhouse that bentazon and clethodim, both at the recommended dose and double dose, provide low phytotoxicity to cowpea and has little influence on nodulation and crop biomass. The herbicide smetalochlor presents high degree of phytotoxicity in cowpea, completely inhibits the vegetative growth when applied at twice the recommended dose.

This paper aimed to investigate the dynamic of energy balance components over Orós reservoir and neighboring areas using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and TM-Landsat 5 images. Also, the relation among albedo, NDVI, net radiation, sensible and latent heats and soil heat flux were analysed. The studied land uses were: Dense vegetation, irrigation fields and degraded areas (human activities). Eight images of 217/64, orbital/point, for the following data: 08/24/1992, 08/14/1994, 07/02/1996, 07/11/1999, 08/17/2001, 07/06/2003, 07/14/2006 e 08/20/2008 were used. The images were processed using the software Erdas IMAGINE using 9.0IMAGE. The SEBAL algorithm was applied to quantify the latent heat flux from the surface energy balance, which is composed of net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and sensible heat flux (H). The energy in form of sensible and latent heat showed similar tendencies for irrigated fields and dense native vegetation. The highest increase of sensible heat was registered on the degraded areas (human activities) in the last three years. All of the components of the energy balance presented distinct tendencies over the studied land use, expressing that the energy balance can be used to identify the changes on the land use pattern.

The aim of this paper was to: a) verify if digital radiographic image measurements of G. biloba seeds could replace those obtained with a manual caliper; b) determine the degree of seed development through digitally measuring the air chamber of the seed and, c) make a radiographic pattern to characterize the seed species according to its anatomical and morphological structure, identify physical damage and characterize the species according to physical variables. In order to draw the radiographic patter, the seeds were submitted to different treatments: seed imbibition in rolled paper at 20 ºC for 48 hours; artificial damage by puncturing dry and imbibed seeds; artificial damage by fracturing dry and imbibed seeds. Seed anatomy structures were measured with a digital caliper and a manual caliper. The digital radiographic measurements could: a) replace the measurements taken with a manual caliper; b) obtain measurements that a manual caliper cannot supply; c) measure the air chamber in order to determine the level of seed filling; d) characterize the species by its anatomical and morphological structures, detect insect damage or fracture and make a radiographic pattern of G. biloba seeds.

The lacewings appear in many agroecosystems, preying several species of agricultural pests. They have great search capability, high voracity, high reproductive potential and are easily maintained in laboratory conditions. In laboratory rearing, to avoid problems in the mass production are recommended adjustments in the type and quality of prey to be used in order to obtain individuals with desirable characteristics. It is necessary special care with the laboratory populations, avoiding problems from inbreeding. Larvae were reared individually in Petri dishes (9.0 cm diameter) and fed with eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier, 1789) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the amount of 25 mg / larva, while the adults were kept in PVC cylindrical cages (10 cm x 30 cm). Thus, the study analyzed the influence of the size of the population of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on the pre-imaginal period (egg to adult) and reproductive capacity of this specie come from different populations and generations of laboratory. To this end, we used two populations, one of Jaboticabal (F8 and F21) and one of Piracicaba (F6 and F15), and subpopulations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 couples, analyzing the incubation of eggs and the number of eggs per female in each population, generation and subpopulation. The pre-imaginal period (egg to adult) and the number of eggs per female of C. externa are influenced by the generation and the number of founding individuals, being these parameters favored when laboratory populations are established with the largest number of couples.

The riparian forests, belonging to the permanent preservation areas, are of fundamental importance for the preservation of water quality and minimize the effects of erosion on soil and thus the sedimentation of river. The land use of these areas cause environmental risks, especially to water resources. The geospatial technologies are, in the current scenario, as a tool that shows the real situation of the area, identifying the critical points, thus contributing to better management of these areas. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a spatial study of APP of the Mossoró river in urban area of municipal district of Mossoró, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, identifying the main causes of degradation and it's consequences to environment, especially the water resource, through geoprocessing's techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to spatially delimitate the area and image processing. Deforested areas comprised 310 ha, being more concentrated among the East-West Bridge and Barrocas's dam. Edification areas were more concentrated in Santa Luzia's Island and between Castelo Branco and Jerônimo Rosado's Bridges, occupying 78 ha. The areas covered by vegetation comprised 70 ha, which more concentrated in the area of Genesio' dam. There was enough sources of water pollution, especially domestic sewage.

The shortage of animal feed during the dry season has led to the development of food handling techniques that are efficient and sustainable for farmers and ranchers. The research aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, voluntary intake and digestibility of faveleira (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Muell. Arg.) Pax et K. Hoffman), to supply the sheep provided as in the form of hay. Five castrated 18 months old sheeps with a mean age of 18 months old with and initial average weight of 31.75 kg ± 1.08 were evaluated, using the conventional method of total collection of feces. The hay was made naturally in sunny area, the forage being harvested in areas of caatinga at the IPA¿s Sertânia Experimental Station belonging to the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco/IPA. The faveleira hay results of chemical analysis percentages were: 92.95 dry matter (DM); 89.28 organic matter (OM); 13.48 crude protein (CP); 3.52 ether extract (EE); 41.42 does not extract nitrogen (NEN); 41.92 neutral detergent fiber (NDF); 26.71 acid detergent fiber (ADF) and 30.36 non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). The voluntary intake of DM, CP, TDN, NDF, ADF and NFC, expressed in g kg-1 PV0, 75 were (93.14, 12.52, 56.06, 39.04; 24.88 and 28.28), respectively. The digestibility percentages were: 63.66 (MS); 66.06 (MO); 74.52 (PB); 36.44 (EE); 74.32 (ENN); 57.32 (NDF); 54.77 (FDA) and 56.91 (NFC). These results show that the faveleira hay could be a viable alternative to dietary supplementation of sheep during the dry season to semiarid of Brazil.

The family Nymphaeaceae is represented by aquatic rhizomatic herbs, rooted in the substrate, with floating long petiolate leaves. Its flowers are solitary, and anthesis can be nocturnal and diurnal, pollinated by beetles. The family has six genus, of which Nymphaea and Victoria occurs in the neotropical region. Victoria predominates in the Brazilian Amazon and Pantanal and the Nymphaea is represented by 18 species distributed throughout the country. The floristic study included the analysis of specimens collected on expeditions and materials deposited in Herbariums, in a total of 69 specimens. The identification was made by consulting specific bibliography. The information obtained enabled the preparation of an identification key, illustrations of important morphological characters, significant as evidence Taxonomy, commentaries on the geographical distribution and discussion of relevant issues to taxons identification. For the state of Ceará were found six species: N. amazonum, N. pulchella, N. Jamesoniana, N. lasiophylla, N. lingulata, N. rudgeana and N. tenerinervia. The last two populations presented only in coastal environments. N. lingulata, N. pulchella and N. Jamesoniana presented records in the arid region, in interior of the State. N. amazonum and N. lasiophylla have a wide distribution, being present in the coastal zone to the interior. N. lasiophylla was the most frequent species. Knowledge about the Flora of the State of Ceará contribute to future projects for the conservation and management of temporary and permanent aquatic environments that occur in the Brazilian semiarid.

This paper aimed to investigate the factors of influencing milk consumers of Natal city, state of Rio Grande do Norte, in their buying decision. The methodology was a descriptive and exploratory type Survey, with 385 questionnaires applied on the four geographical areas of Natal city. Sample size was found according to the county inhabitant number, and survey was applied through questionnaire applied at randomized suburbs, streets and houses from four geographical city zones. The statistical analyses were: descriptive analysis, comparison test of means and Cluster analysis. Results were that milk quality had high average, in contrast with the price and brand which had the lowest ones. Milk quality and image of the store were the factors most stable for the consumer make its purchase decision, while price and brand were those of least importance. Comparisons among variables showed significance (P<0,05) except for price importance, visual appearance, no product on the market shelves, easy of buying and product status. As conclusion, milk quality is the main factor for consumers to make a decision to purchase milk, whereas price and brand were of least importance.