The study evaluated potato tuber yield and quality, using cultivar Atlantic, as a function of organomineral fertilizer doses applied in the planting furrow. The experiments were done in Cristalina, Goiás, in winter and summer cultive. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with six doses in the winter experiment and seven doses in the summer one, both with four replications. The doses were fixed according to the recommendation for mineral fertilizer. The doses evaluated were 2800 kg ha - 1 of formulation 3 - 32 - 6, 1629.10, 2443.60, 4072.70 and 4887.30 kg ha - 1 of organomineral fertilizer, corresponding to 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of the mineral fertilizer dose. A treatment with no fertilizer (control) was included in the summer experiment . Fertilizers were applied in the planting furrow. Side dressing fertilization was done 30 DAP, in winter crop, with 300 kg ha - 1 of formulation 20 - 00 - 20. Tubers were harvested, classified, weighed and yield (kg ha - 1 ) was determined at the end of the experiment. Results of winter crop were greater than those of sum- mer, for yield and tuber classification. Organomineral fertilizer, in the dose 4072.70 kg ha - 1 , representing 100% of the mineral one, increased the yield of tubers Class Special. Winter crop presented good results for soluble solids contents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of ruminal fermentation dry matter and car-bohydrates of two varieties of sugar cane ensiled with different additives using a semiautomatic technique in vitro gas production. We used a completely randomized design with a factorial 2 x 5, two varieties of cane sug-ar (RB 86 7515 and IAC 86 2480) and five additives (urea, NaOH, CaO, corn and L. buchneri) and without additive treatments, with the opening of the silos being made at 60 days after ensiling. Pressure readings were performed on days 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 19; 24; 30; 36; 48; 72 and 96 h. The pressure caused by organic matter was recorded in a pressure transducer universal and for adjusting the parameters kinetic model was used bicompartmental. The technique of in vitro gas production satisfactorily estimated the volume of gases from silage and sugarcane raw. The higher gas volume fraction of fiber was not in IAC 86 2480, with the additive NaOH. In the fiber fraction only difference between varieties with the additive urea, and the IAC 86 2480 that had the highest volume. The cane silage IAC 86 2480, showed the best values for most of the evaluated kinetic parameters. The best results for the parameters of degradability were in silages with NaOH and CaO.

Aiming at evaluating the postharvest shelf life of banana Prata Catarina coated with cassava starch or PVC films, were harvested bunches of bananas in the physiological maturity stage. The fruits were packed in boxes and transported to the Food Chemistry Lab of the Federal Institute of Ceará, Campus of Limoeiro do Norte for 10 days at room temperature (27.5 °C and RH 62.5%). The design used was a complete-ly randomized one in 3 x 5 factorial scheme, which the first factor was treatment (control, cassava starch 3% and PVC film,) and the second period of storage (0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days) with four replications of four fruits per plots (clusters). The use of PVC film and cassava starch 3%, influenced the physical and physicochemical char-acteristics evaluated, except for firmness and soluble solids of the „Prata Catarina‟ banana stored under ambient conditions. The use of PVC film was effective in maintaining the external appearance and reduced weight loss. However, the application of cassava starch 3%, was not effective in reducing weight loss, maintained the fruits with good appearance till the end of storage. The „Prata Catarina‟ bananas control had a shelf life of 8 days, while the bananas coated with cassava starch and PVC had a shelf life of 10 days stored at ambi-ent conditions.

This study reported for the first time the occurrence of the pink hibiscus mealybug Maconelli-coccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil attacking the following fruit species: soursop (Annona muricata L.) (Annonaceae), guava (Psidium guajava L.) (Myrtaceae), mango (Mangifera indica L.) (Anacardiaceae), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) (Oxalidaceae), acerola (Malpighia glaba L.) (Malpighiaceae), cajazeiro (Spondias lutea L.) (Anacardiaceae) and cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma gran-diflorum) (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.) (Malvaceae). The percentages of injured plants were recorded for each plant species in the field. Damaged plants showed short internodes, wrinkled leaves, fruit deformation, and sooty mold developed on the honeydew excreted by the mealybugs. Infested plant structures were taken to the Laboratory of Entomology of the Center for Agricultural Sciences, of the Federal University of Alagoas, where the mealybug species was identified through morphological characteristics. The following injury percentages were recorded on the plants: soursop (100%), guava (10%), mango (10%), carambola (100%), acerola (100%), cajá (50%) and cupuaçu (100%). The mealybug collected in Maceió, AL; Brazil was identified as Maconelli-coccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). It was the first record of this species in the state of Alagoas and infestation by pink hibiscus mealybug on the host plants mango, acerola and cajazeiro in Brazil.

Much of the cassava flour produced in northern Brazil is handmade and contains a small amount of turmeric powder, a natural colorant produced by the family producers, the colorant is added to the flour because local consumers prefer a product of intense yellow color, being therefore of interest to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of natural turmeric colorant in centesimal composition of tradition-al cassava flour. The flours were manufactured with different concentrations of saffron powder (without tur-meric; 0.003% turmeric; 0.03% turmeric and 1% turmeric), collected immediately after production in transpar-ent plastic bags, transported by plane and analyzed for moisture, ash, protein, lipids, fiber and total carbohy-drates content, as well as for acidity, pH, water activity and instrumental color. The increase in concentration of turmeric affected the ash content of handmade cassava flour starting from 0.03%, and at the concentration used by producers (0.003%), this level was similar to the flour without turmeric. In addition, concentrations starting from 0.03% caused a significant increase in the intensity of the yellow color.

The goal of this paper was to study the morphogenetic responses of jenipapo explants in differ-ent culture conditions in vitro to support multiplication and in vitro production of secondary metabolites proto-cols. After 90 days of cultivation, the jenipapo seedlings were segmented (nodal and leaf segments) and trans-ferred to MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose and different concentrations of 2.4 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid -2.4-D (0; 4 and 8 mg L-1) combined with four concentrations of benzilamino-purine- BAP (0; 1; 2 and 3 mg L-1). After 120 days the percentage of explants with morphogenetic response, as is the formation of calluses and/or organogenesis was evaluated. The 2.4-D at concentrations of 4 and 8 mg L-1 induces an increase in morphogenetic response, especially in callus formation, of leaf and nodal segments. The BAP 1.77 mg L-1 induces increased callus formation in leaf segments and induces their higher shoot regenera-tion in leaf and nodal segments. The concentrations of 2.4- D and BAP studied do not induce the formation of somatic embryogenesis in leaf and nodal segments of jenipapo SIR access.

ABSTRACT: F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infection. | RESUMO: F. graminearum é o principal agente causal da giberela em cereais na Argentina. É uma doença que se desenvolve durante o estado floral de hospedeiro. Quando as estruturas reprodutivas no hospedeiro são colonizadas, os grãos podem ser enrugados e mostrar reduções de peso, causando diminuição no rendimento. Técnicas de diagnóstico fisiológico em sementes podem detectar os danos produzidos por este fungo e pode ser usada para tomar decisões sobre a qualidade dos lotes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis danos fisiológicos causados por F. graminearum em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo. As sementes e cariopses foram obtidas a partir de plantas expostas a infecção fúngica e foram avaliadas em duas situações: inoculação artificial em casa de vegetação e infecção natural em campos da Província de Santa Fé (33°43'22''S; 62°14'46''O). Determinou-se o peso da semente e realizou-se os testes de tetrazólio, germinação, condutividade elétrica e raios-X em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo para cada tratamento. Comportamentos diferenciais de cepas de F. graminearum em cultivares suscetíveis de soja e trigo sob condições de casa de vegetação revelou interações específicas entre cultivares de soja e trigo com este fungo. As interações produziram uma redução significativa na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja e cariopses trigo. Esses comportamentos não foram detectados em condições de campo nos locais avaliados. Todos os testes de qualidade das sementes utilizados neste experimento foram úteis para mostrar as diferenças de infecção em sementes de soja e cariopses de trigo, independentemente da infecção por F. graminearum.

RESUMO: Os sistemas de cultivo modificam os atributos do solo, podendo alterar sua qualidade. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de solos sob sistemas de cultivo orgânico (solos cultivados organicamente há mais de sete anos), em conversão para orgânico e convencional, tendo como referência o solo sob mata, assim como identificar os atributos a serem utilizados como indicadores de qualidade do solo. Foram selecionadas três áreas de propriedades agrícolas, localizadas nos municípios de Areia, Remígio e Lagoa Seca, Paraíba, para a coleta de amostras de solo deformadas, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA, Teste de Tukey e Análise de Componentes Principais. Houve redução da densidade do solo (Ds) e aumento da porosidade total (PT) no sistema de cultivo orgânico comparado aos sistemas de cultivo em conversão para orgânico e convencional. Os teores de fósforo e de carbono orgânico (CO), a soma de bases (SB), a capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), a matéria orgânica particulada leve (MOPL), o carbono da matéria orgânica particulada leve (CMOPL), a respiração edáfica (RE) e o pH dos solos sob cultivo orgânico foram superiores aos obtidos nos solos sob cultivo convencional. O cultivo em bases orgânicas proporcionou a manutenção da qualidade do solo em condições semelhantes e/ou melhores que a condição de mata e para as condições deste trabalho os indicadores mais adequados para analisar o cultivo em bases orgânicas foram Ds, PT, CO, MOPL, CMOPL, pH, SB, CTC e RE. | SUMMARY: Cropping systems modify soil attributes and may change its quality.The work had the objective to evaluate the changes in physical, chemical and biological soil under organic farming systems (soils cultivated organically for more than seven years), in conversion to organic and conventional, with reference to the soil under native forest, and identify the attributes used as indicators of soil quality. Three areas of farm crops, located in the municipalities of Areia, Remígio, and Lagoa Seca, the state of Paraíba, Brazil were selected, and soil samples deformed collected in the layers 0-10 and 10-20 cm. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, the Tukey Test, and the Principal Component Analysis. There was a reduction of soil density (Ds) and increased porosity (PT) in the system of organic farming compared to cropping systems in conversion organic and conventional. The contents of phosphorus and organic carbon (CO), the base sum (SB), cation exchange capacity (CTC), light particulate organic matter (MOPL), carbon particulate organic matter light (CMOPL), edaphic respiration (RE) and pH of soils under organic cultivation are higher than soils under conventional tillage.The growing organic basis contributes to the maintenance of soil quality under similar conditions and/or even better than the condition forest and, under the conditions of this study, the most appropriate indicators to analyze the cultivation organic basesare Ds, PT, CO, MOPL, CMOPL, pH, SB, CTC e RE.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de uma planta nativa da caatinga (Allamanda blanchetti) no controle do fungo Alternaria brassicicola quanto à indução de mecanismos de resistência em mudas de couve-manteiga e ação fungitóxica diretaEm condições de casa de vegetação, as mudas de couve-manteiga foram pulverizadas com os extratos de A. blanchetti extraídos a quente e a frio, nas concentrações 0, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm. Avaliações da severidade da doença foram realizadas a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10 dias após a inoculação. Peroxidases foram analisadas em cinco tempos, quais sejam, 0, 24, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a pulverização das mudas com os extratos. Além disso, fora avaliado também a capacidade dos extratos a quente e a frio a 0, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm em inibir a germinação dos esporos de A. brassicicola. As concentrações de 1000 ppm dos extratos a quente e a frio foram as mais eficientes no controle da doença. O extrato de A. blanchetti induziu aumento da atividade de peroxidase às 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos e promoveu inibição da germinação dos esporos de A. brassicicola. Estes resultados indicam o potencial de A. blanchetti no controle de A. brassicicola, tanto pela ação direta quanto pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa. | ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extract from a native plant from caatinga (Allamanda blanchetti) in the control of the fungus Alternaria brassicicola, concerning to induction of resistance mechanisms in seedlings of kale and direct fungitoxic action. Under greenhouse conditions, the seedlings of kale were sprayed with extracts from A. blanchetti extracted at hot and at cold at concentrations of 0; 100; 500 to 1000 ppm. Analysis of disease severity were performed at 5; 6; 7; 8; 9:10 days after inoculation. Peroxidases were analyzed five times 0; 24; 72; 120, and 168 hours after spraying the seedlings with the extracts. Furthermore, the capacity of the hot and cold extracts was also evaluated at 0; 100; 500, and 1000 ppm to inhibit the germination of spores of A. brassicicola. The concentrations of 1000 ppm of the hot and cold extracts were more effective in controlling the disease. The extract of A. blanchetti induced an increase in the peroxidase activity at 24 hours after treatment application and promote inhibition of germination of spores of A. brassicicola. These results indicate the potential from A. blanchetti to control A. brassicicola, both by direct action and the activation of defense mechanisms.

RESUMO: O imazaquin é um herbicida utilizado intensivamente no Brasil para controlar plantas daninhas associadas principalmente a cultura da soja. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a mobilidade e a lixiviação do imazaquin em solos com diferentes características. Em ambos os experimentos o delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Estudou-se a mobilidade do imazaquin em Latossolo Vermelho Eutrófico (textura muito argilosa), Nitossolo Háplico Eutrófico (textura média argilosa), Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo Eutrófico (textura média argilosa) e Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico (textura arenosa). Para a obtenção do coeficiente de mobilidade (Rf) uma solução de 14C-imazaquin com atividade de 304,75 Bq/µL foi aplicado em placas contendo os diferentes solos. Todos os valores de Rf variaram entre 0,803 e 1, indicando que o herbicida possui alta mobilidade para todos os solos. No estudo de lixiviação foram utilizados os solos classificados como Latossolos Vermelhos e que diferiam quimicamente. O herbicida imazaquin (14C Imazaquin + produto técnico) foi aplicado na dose recomendada (161 g i.a ha-1), diretamente sobre a superfície das amostras de solo que foram previamente empacotadas em colunas. Posteriormente, foi feita simulação de chuva de 200 mm. A maior parte de radioatividade do imazaquin foi retida nas camadas de 0 a 10 cm nos dois solos LVe, sendo que no solo com maior pH uma pequena % de radioatividade foi notada até a camada de 15-20 cm. O herbicida imazaquin tem maior mobilidade em solos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica e de argila e em solos com alto pH. | ABSTRACT: Imazaquin is an herbicide widely used in Brazil to control weeds associated with the soybean crop. This work aimed to study the mobility and leaching of imazaquin in soils with different characteristics. In both experiments, a completely randomized block design was used; with tree replicates. We study the mobility of imazaquin in Red Eutrophic Latosol, clayey; Alfisol Haplic Eutrophic, medium texture; Alfissol Eutrophic, medium texture; and Orthic Psament, sandy texture. To obtain the mobility rate (Mr), a solution of 14C-imazaquin with the activity of 304,75 Bq/mL was applied to plates containing different soils. All Mr values range between 0.803 and 1, indicating that imazaquin has a relevant mobility in our soils. In the leaching study, the soils were classified as Rhodic and differed chemically. The herbicide imazaquin (14C + imazaquin technical product) was applied to the highest recommended dose ( 161 g a.i. ha-1), directly on the soil surface of each column. After that, was done a rainfall simulation of 200 mm. Nearly 100% of the herbicide was in the 0-10 cm layer, however, the soil with higher pH, the herbicide was distributed to 15-20 cm depth. The herbicide imazaquin has greater mobility in soils with low organic matter and clay and soils with high Ph.